100-ka buug ee ugu fiican abid

Maanta waxaan kuu keenaynaa liistada leh 100 buugaag ugu fiican abid sida ku cad Naadiga Buugaagta ee Noorweey. Liiskan waxaa lagu baabtiisay magaca "World Library" waxa la isku dayayna waa in la isu keeno qayb ballaaran oo ka mid ah suugaanta adduunka, oo ay la socdaan buugaag ka kala yimid dhammaan waddamada, dhaqamada iyo waqtiyada. 100-ka buug ee ugu wanaagsan taariikhda waxay si fiican ugu jiri karaan maktabadaha guri kasta oo adduunka ah, laakiin imisa ayaad leedihiin?

Liiskan waxaa sameeyay qorayaal sahan lagu sameeyay. Mid kasta oo ka mid ahi wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu soo jeediyo liis ay ku qoran yihiin 10 cinwaan oo suugaaneed oo iyaga u roonaa, kuwa ugu cadcad, sidaas darteedna, loogula taliyay. Waa inaan tilmaannaa liiskan buugaagta ugu wanaagsan taariikhda waa gebi ahaanba xuruuf, looma dalbado hadba inta ay leegtahay. Markaas ayaannu kaaga tagnay iyada. Dhammaantood ma akhrisay? Ma waxaad u malaynaysaa inay weli jiraan cinwaanno maqan? Dhadhankeyga, waxaa jira buugaag badan oo bariga ah oo maqan iyo shaqooyin kale oo caan ah sida "Miserables" waxaa qoray Víctor Hugo, laakiin kuwa (ma wada aqrin iyaga, waxaan ku saleynayaa ra'yigeyga kuwa aan wali ka aqriyo dib u eegista suugaaneed ee ay aqriyaan asxaabteyda), waxaan u maleynayaa inay mudanyihiin jagada ay hayaan.

Maktabadda Dunida: Buugaagta Ugu Fiican Abid

1. "Maansada Gilgamesh" (Qarnigii XNUMXaad ee ka hor dhalashadii BC)
2. "Buugga Ayuub" (waxaa laga soo qaatay Kitaabka Quduuska ah. Qarnigii XNUMXaad ee dhalashadii BC - IV ka hor)
3. "Kunka iyo kow habeenka ah" (Magac la '700 - 1500)
4. "Saga de Njál" (Qarnigii XNUMXaad ee aan la aqoon)
5. "Wax walba way kala baxaan" (Chinua Achebe 1958)
6. "Sheekooyinka carruurta" (Hans Christian Andersen 1835–37)
7. "Majaajilnimada Rabbaaniga ah" (Dante Alighieri 1265 - 1321)
8. "Kibir iyo Cuqdad" (Jane Austen 1813)
9. "Papa Goriot" (Honoré de Balzac 1835)
10. "Molloy," "Malone Dies," "The Unspeakable," a trilogy (Samuel Beckett 1951–53)
11. "Decameron" (Giovanni Boccaccio 1349-53)
12. "Qisooyin" (Jorge Luis Borges 1944–86)
13. "Wuthering Heights" (Emily Brontë 1847)
14. "Shisheeyaha" (Albert Camus, 1942)
15. "Gabayo" (Paul Celan 1952)
16. "Safarka ilaa Dhamaadka Habeenka" (Louis-Ferdinand Céline, 1932)
17. "Don Quixote de la Mancha" (Miguel de Cervantes 1605, 1615)
18. "Sheekooyinka Canterbury" (Geoffrey Chaucer qarnigii XNUMXaad)
19. "Sheekooyin gaagaaban" (Antón Chejov 1886)
20. "Nostromo" (Joseph Conrad 1904)
21. "Rajo Weyn" (Charles Dickens 1861)
22. "Jacques, fataliste" (Denis Diderot 1796)
23. "Berlin Alexanderplatz" (Alfred Döblin 1929)
24. "Dambiyada iyo ciqaabta" (Fyodor Dostoevsky 1866)
25. "Doqon" (Fyodor Dostoevsky 1869)
26. "Jinniyadihii" (Fyodor Dostoevsky 1872)
27. "Walaalaha Karamazov" (Fyodor Dostoevsky 1880)
28. "Middlemarch" (George Eliot 1871)
29. "Ninka Aan La Arki karin" (Ralph Ellison 1952)
30. "Medea" (Euripides 431 BC)
31. "Absaaloom, Absaaloom!" (William Faulkner 1936)
32. "Buuqda iyo xanaaqa" (William Faulkner 1929)
33. "Madame Bovary" (Gustave Flaubert 1857)
34. "Waxbarashada Sentimental" (Gustave Flaubert 1869)
35. "Gypsy ballads" (Federico García Lorca 1928)
36. "Boqol sano oo kalinimo ah" (Gabriel García Márquez 1967)
37. "Jacaylka wakhtiga daacuunka" (Gabriel García Márquez 1985)
38. "Faust" (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1832)
39. "Dadka dhintay" (Nikolai Gogol 1842)
40. "Drum Tin" (Günter Grass 1959)
41. "Gran Sertón: Veredas" (João Guimarães Rosa 1956)
42. "Gaajo" (Knut Hamsun 1890)
43. "Odaygii iyo Baddii" (Ernest Hemingway 1952)
44. "Iliad" (Homer 850-750 BC)
45. "Odyssey" (Homer XNUMX-aad qarnigii BC)
46. "Dollhouse" (Henrik Ibsen 1879)
47. "Ulysses" (James Joyce 1922)
48. "Sheekooyin gaagaaban" (Franz Kafka 1924)
49. "Geedi socodka" (Franz Kafka 1925)
50. "Qasriga" (Franz Kafka 1926)
51. "Shakuntala" (Kālidāsa qarnigii XNUMXaad ee BC-XNUMXaad AD)
52. "Dhawaaqa buurta" (Yasunari Kawabata 1954)
53. "Zorba, Giriigga" (Nikos Kazantzakis 1946)
54. "Wiilal iyo Lovers" (DH Lawrence 1913)
55. "Dadka Madaxa Banaan" (Halldór Laxness 1934 - 35)
56. "Gabayo" (Giacomo Leopardi 1818)
57. "Buugga xusuusta ee dahabka ah" (Doris Lessing 1962)
58. "Pippi Longstocking" (Astrid Lindgren 1945)
59. "Xusuus-qorka nin waalan" (Lu Xun 1918)
60. "Caruurta xaafadayada" (Naguib Mahfuz 1959)
61. "Buddenbrooks" (Thomas Mann 1901)
62. "The Mountain Mountain" (Thomas Mann 1924)
63. "Moby-Dick" (Herman Melville 1851)
64. "Qormo" (Michel de Montaigne 1595)
65. "Sheekada" (Elsa Morante 1974)
66. "Gacaliye" (Toni Morrison 1987)
67. "Genji Monogatari" (Murasaki Shikibu qarnigii XNUMXaad)
68. "Ninka Aan Tilmaamaha Lahayn" (Robert Musil 1930–32)
69. "Lolita" (Vladimir Nabokov 1955)
70. "1984" (George Orwell 1949)
71. "The metamorphoses" (Ovid, qarnigii XNUMXaad ee AD)
72. "Buugga xasilloonida" (Fernando Pessoa 1928)
73. "Qisooyin" (Edgar Allan Poe qarnigii XNUMX-aad)
74. "Raadinta waqti lumay" (Marcel Proust)
75. "Gargantua iyo Pantagruel" (François Rabelais)
76. "Pedro Páramo" (Juan Rulfo 1955)
77. Masnavi Rumi 1258-73
78. "Wiilasha Saqda Dhexe" (Salman Rushdie 1981)
79. "Bostan" (Saadi 1257)
80. "Waqtiga loo haajiro waqooyiga" (Tayeb Saalix 1966)
81. "Qoraalka indha la'aanta" (José Saramago 1995)
82. "Hamlet" (William Shakespeare 1603)
83. "King Lear" (William Shakespeare 1608)
84. "Othello" (William Shakespeare 1609)
85. "Oedipus the King" (Sophocles 430 BC)
86. "Casaan iyo madow" (Stendhal 1830)
87. "Nolosha iyo fikradaha mudane Tristram Shandy" (Laurence Sterne 1760)
88. "Damiirka Zeno" (Italo Svevo 1923)
89. "Safarradii Gulliver" (Jonathan Swift 1726)
90. "Dagaal iyo nabad" (Lev Tolstoy 1865-1869)
91. "Anna Karenina" (Lev Tolstoy 1877)
92. "Dhimashadii Ivan Ilyich" (Lev Tolstoy 1886)
93. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (Mark Twain 1884)
94. "Ramayana" (Valmiki qarnigii XNUMXaad BC-XNUMXaad AD)
95. "Aeneid" (Virgil 29-19 BC)
96. "Mahabhárata" (Viasa qarnigii XNUMXaad ee miilaadiga)
97. "Blades of Grass" (Walt Whitman 1855)
98. "Marwo Dalloway" (Virginia Woolf 1925)
99. "Laydhka" (Virginia Woolf 1927)
100. "Xusuusta Hadrian" (Marguerite Yourcenar 1951)

Qorayaasha ayaa u kuurgalay liiska buugaagta ugu fiican taariikhda

Kuwani waa qorayaasha kuwa sahaminta lagu sameeyay si ay u diyaariyaan liistada ayuu yiri 100 buugaagta ugu fiican abid:

• Chinghiz Aitmatov (Kyrgyzstan)
• Ahmet Altan (Turkiga)
• Aharon Appelfel (Israa'iil)
• Paul Auster (Mareykanka)
• Félix de Azúa (Isbaanish)
• Julian Barnes (Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Simin Behbahani (Iiraan)
• Robert Bly (Mareykan)
• André Brink (Koonfur Afrika)
• Suzanne Brøgger (Denmark)
• S. Byatt (Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Peter Carey (Ustaraaliya)
• Martha Cerda (Mexico)
• Jung Chang (Shiinaha / Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Maryse Condé (Guadeloupe, Faransiiska)
• Mia Couto (Mozambique)
• Jim Crace (Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Edwidge Danticat (Haiti)
• Bei Dao (Shiinaha)
• Assia Djebar (Algeria)
• Maxamuud Dowlatabadi (Iiraan)
• Jean Echenoz (Faransiis)
• Kerstin Ekman (Sweden)
• Nathan Englander (Mareykan)
• Hans Magnus Enzensberger (Jarmalka)
• Emilio Estévez (Mareykanka)
• Nuurudiin Faarax (Soomaaliya)
• Kjartan Fløgstad (Noorway)
• Jon Fosse (Noorway)
• Janet Frame (New Zealand)
• Marilyn Faransiis (Mareykanka)
• Carlos Fuentes (Mexico)
• Izzat Ghazzawi (Falastiin)
• Amitav Ghosh (Hindiya)
• Pere Gimferrer (Isbaanish)
• Nadine Gordimer (Koonfur Afrika)
• David Grossman (Israa'iil)
• Einar Már Guðmundsson (Iceland)
• Seamus Heaney (Ireland)
• Christoph Hein (Jarmalka)
• Aleksandar Hemon (Bosnia iyo Herzegovina)
• Alice Hoffman (Mareykanka)
• Chenjerai Hove (Zimbabwe)
• Sonallah Ibrahim (Masar)
• John Irving (Mareykanka)
• C. Jersild (Iswidhan)
• Yasar Kemal (Turkiga)
• Jan Kjærstad (Noorway)
• Milan Kundera (Czech Republic / France)
• Leena Lander (Finland)
• John Le Carré (Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Siegfried Lenz (Jarmalka)
• Doris Lessing (Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Astrid Lindgren (Iswidhan)
• Viivi Luik (Estoniyan)
• Amin Maalouf (Lubnaan / France)
• Claudio Magris (Talyaani)
• Norman Mailer (Mareykanka)
• Tomas Eloy Martinez (Argentina)
• Frank McCourt (Ireland / Mareykanka)
• Gita Mehta (Hindiya)
• Ana María Nóbrega (Brazil)
• Rohinton Mistry (Hindiya / Kanada)
• Abdel Rahman Munif (Saudi Arabia)
• Herta Müller (Romania)
• S. Naipaul (Trinidad iyo Tobago / UK)
• Cees Nooteboom (Netherlands)
• Ben Okri (Nigeria / UK)
• Orhan Pamuk (Turkiga)
• Sara Paretsky (Mareykanka)
• Jayne Anne Phillips (Mareykanka)
• Valentin Rasputin (Ruushka)
• João Ubaldo Ribeiro (Brazil)
• Alain Robbe-Grillet (Faransiis)
• Salman Rushdie (Hindiya / UK)
• Nawal El Saadawi (Masar)
• Xanan al-Shaykh (Lubnaan)
• Nihad Sirees (Syria)
• Göran Sonnevi (Sweden)
• Susan Sontag (Mareykanka)
• Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)
• Gerold Späth (Switzerland)
• Graham Swift (Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Antonio Tabucchi (Talyaani)
• Fouad al-Tikerly (Ciraaq)
• M. Thomas (Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Adam Thorpe (Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Kirsten Thorup (Danmark)
• Alexander Tkachenko (Ruushka)
• Pramoedya Ananta Toer (Indonesia)
• Olga Tokarczuk (Poland)
• Michel Tournier (Faransiis)
• Jean-Philippe Toussaint (Belgium)
• Mehmed Uzun (Turkiga)
• Nils-Aslak Valkeapää
• Vassilis Vassilikos (Giriig)
• Yvonne Vera (Zimbabwe)
• Fay Weldon (Boqortooyada Midowday)
• Christa Wolf (Jarmalka)
• B. Yehoshua (Israa'iil)
• Spôjmaï Zariâb (Afghanistan)

Marka liiska buugaagta dib loo akhriyo, waxaa si fiican lagula talin karaa kuwa aan go'aan gaadhin ee raba inay bilaabaan akhriska laakiin aan garanaynin meel ay ka sameeyaan ... Marka laga hadlayo waxa aniga iga khuseeya, waxaan ka faa'iideysan doonaa Buugga soo socda Caddaalad in qaar la helo cinwaanada buugaagtan taariikhda ugu wanaagsan, sida ay yihiin: "Ninka aan la arki karin" by Ralph Ellison, "Carruurta saqda dhexe" by Salman Rushdie iyo "Rajo weyn" waxaa qoray Charles Dickens. Waxaan hayaa kuwa kale oo badan oo aan ka akhriyo liiska, laakiin waqtigan xaadirka ah kuwani waa kuwa sida aadka ah indhahayga u soo jiitay. Keebaad ku bilaabi lahayd?