Tsamba dzeMoroccan.
Cartas marruecas ibhuku repepistori rakanyorwa nemunyori wechiSpanish uye murume wemauto José Cadalso. Rakadhindwa muna 1789, ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru zveIberian zvinyorwa zvezana ramakore gumi nemasere. Saizvozvo, basa iri rave richizivikanwa nekuvandudzwa kwenyaya yayo yepakutanga uye inesimba nyaya, ichisiya maparagidhi mazhinji enguva yayo.
Zvechokwadi, nyanzvi zhinji dzinoona mitsara yake, izere neproististist yazvino, zvakare pamberi penguva yavo. Izvozvowo zvinoitika nenyaya, zvichibva pakuchinjana tsamba (90 muhuwandu) pakati pevatatu vengano. Kunyangwe iyo nharo ichiratidza kusiri-kwechinangwa ongororo, inoonekwa chaizvo mamiriro ezvinhu aripo kuSpain panguva iyoyo.
Munyori, José Cadalso
Hupenyu hwakakodzera bhuku uye bhaisikopo
José Cadalso y Vásquez de Andrade akaberekerwa muCádiz, Andalusia, muna Gumiguru 8, 1741. Zvinosuruvarisa, amai vake vakafa panguva yekusununguka uye baba vake vakasangana naye aine makore gumi nematatu.. Uyu aive muzvinabhizimusi akapfuma aine zvido muAmerica, akanyanyobatikana kuyambuka Atlantic nekuviga mukadzi wake kana kuchengeta mwanakomana wake.
Ivo babaJesuit baba Mateo Vásquez, babamunini nebaba raamai, vakaita kuti ave pasi peutarisiro hwake achiri mudiki. Gare gare, akatamira kuParis kunoenderera mberi nedzidzo (mumuzinda weFrance akazosangana nababa vake). Gare gare, Akatenderera neNetherlands, Italy nenzvimbo dzeGerman, kudzamara agara nababa vake muLondon.
Murume "wenyika"
Iyo inogara ichifamba kuburikidza akati wandei anoyevedza maguta eEurope yakapa Cadalso chiratidzo chenyika dzese chehupenyu. Uye zvakare, iye akawana muhupenyu hwekutanga ruzivo rwekujekeserwa. Nekudaro, Josefa mudiki akava murume anofunga.
Iyi "inofambira mberi" mutsara wepfungwa wakamuunzira kunetsana kwakanyanya nababa vake.. Nekuti - sevamwe vese vekuSpain - baba vake vakagamuchira pfungwa dzakachengetedzeka "dzechinyakare". Ndeapi rombo rakanaka pane ruzivo rwakawanikwa.
Nezita revaJesuit?
Kukonana kwekutanga pakati pababa nemwanakomana kwaive nekuda kwekuraira kwekutanga kuti vana vake vadzidze kuSeminario de Nobles de Madrid. Icho chaive chinzvimbo icho chikuru chinangwa chaive chekugadzirira vechidiki mabasa ehurongwa, kure nechero hunyanzvi uye hwekudaidzira.
Kutiza "chirango" ichi, Cadalso akanyepedzera kunge anofarira kudzidziswa semufundisi weJesuit. Chaizvoizvo, hwaive hunyengeri; baba vake vakaramba ichi chinamato uye vakamudzosera ku "kujekeswa." Nekudaro, akararama chikamu chechipiri chakavakirwa mu "guta rerudo." Zvakare, akafamba kondinendi kuti adzidze mitauro mhenyu uye chiLatin (mutauro unenge usisashandiswe mumakore iwayo).
Kuguma kwedyll
Joseph Gallows.
Rufu rwababa vake muna 1761, apo akaratidzirwa jaya racho aingova nemakore makumi maviri nerimwe ekuberekwa, yaive "yekudaidzira kuNyika". Akadzokera kuSpain kunowana nhau dzinovhiringidza: hupfumi hwababa vake hwakanga hwanyangarika ... Pasina nhaka, akafunga kujoina chiuto. Uku ndiko kwaive kushuva kwake kwekare achiri kuyaruka, akavhoterwa mukutanga nababa vake (haana kutaurirana nevarume mumaoko).
Kubva ipapo akabatanidza kudanana kwakanyanya nebasa rake rekunyora pamwe nebasa remauto. Nekuda kwekupedzisira, Cadalso akafa nguva isati yasvika muna 1782, akabatwa nechidimbu chegrenade izvo zvakamurova mutembere apo airwa muhondo yeGibraltar.
Analysis of Tsamba dzeMoroccan
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Tsamba dzeMoroccan
Context
Gloomy Husiku y Tsamba dzeMoroccan mirira iyo isiri yekuwedzera ultra mukati mebasa rekunyora raJosé Cadalso. Nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akatsanangurwa mundima yapfuura, ese mabasa akaburitswa mushure mekufa uye muzvikamu. Nzvimbo yePofu de Madrid ndiyo yaive svikiro raitungamira mukuita kuti mabasa akasarudzika azivikanwe nenyika.
Colonel - anga achangobva kugamuchira chinzvimbo ichi mazuva mashoma asati afa - akaburitsa bhuku rake rakakurumbira reepistolari pakati pa1773 na1774. Zvisinei, Haana kukwanisa kukunda anodzivirira panguva iyoyo uye, nekudaro, aive asina mukana wekunakidzwa nekubudirira kwake muhupenyu.
Mashoko anovhiringidza
Mushure mekukura kweSpanish Golden Age, gare gare mabhuku emutauro wechiSpanish akapinda mugomba raizivikanwa.. Mushure mehunyanzvi hwevanyori vakaita saLope de Vega, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Tirso de Molina kana Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (pakati pevamwe), zvaive "zvakasikwa" kuti danho rinotevera rakaonekwa se "rakamira ".
Zvisinei, Tsamba dzeMoroccan yakashanda sechisungo chisina kujairika chekuisa tsamba dzeSpanish mukufambisa zvakare. Kutenda kune yakasanganiswa mubatanidzwa epistolary genre inotsanangudza, neyakavanzika kwazvo yeprose izere nenhamba dzenhoroondo.
Hunhu
Iye protagonist ndiGazel, mudiki weMoroccan anobva kumhuri ine hupfumi uyo achangosvika kuSpain pazororo.. Anokoshesa mamiriro ese aanoona zvisina tsarukano uye anoedza kusazununguswa nekutonga kwakapfuura. Iyi hunhu inokodzera muchikamu chikuru kumudzidzisi wake, Ben Beley, uyo waanoramba achienderana nezviitiko zvake zvese.
Quote naJosé Cadalso.
Neichi chikonzero, Bheley anodada kwazvo nekuedza kwake kuraira kukunda chero zvapamusoro pfungwa kana fungidziro. Pane rimwe divi, Nuño, weSpanish ane zera repakati, anopedzisa trident yevanotumira uye vanotumira. Ichi chimiro chinomiririra chinofambira mberi chinzvimbo chemunyori, anodisa anoda chokwadi, nekutenda kushoma kune vekwake, asi mudziviriri asinganeti wenyika.
Iko kudzivirirwa
Munyori weAndalusia haana kukwanisa kuona rake basa rakaburitswa munguva yehupenyu hwake semhedzisiro yekushoropodzwa kwakasimba kwenzanga yeIberia inoratidzwa mune dzimwe ndima dze Tsamba dzeMoroccan. Mushure mekugara muParis neLondon, pamwe nekuzvionera vega kufambira mberi kwepfungwa dzevanhu mumasangano eItaly neGerman, kudzoka kwake kuSpain kwaive kunetsa.
Kubatanidzwa kwerudzi rweIberia kune dzakapfuura pfungwa - uye kwakapfuura munenge muEurope yese - ndiko kwakanyanya kutyisa kuCadalso. Hazvishamise kuti chinzvimbo ichi chakamuita kuti anetsane nababa vake (chakaburitswa pakati pe "tsamba dzetsamba"). Zvimwechetezvo, yaive poindi yekuzvidzwa inoshorwa neanonyanya kuchengetedza uye echinyakare zvikamu, kunyangwe nguva yakaguma ichiratidza kuti ndizvo.