Rwendo kuenda kuCentre yePasi.
Pamwe pamwe nekutyisa uye kudanana, sainzi mabhuku enhema ari pakati peanonyanya kufarirwa. Pfungwa yekuti kwayakatanga ndeye ma1920 inotorwa seyechokwadi.Zvakanyanya, kune gore 1926, apo magazini iyi yakatanga kuburitswa Amazing Stories. Nepo iyi yaive nguva yekutanga iyo fikisheni yesainzi, vazhinji vaive vatopinda munyika idzi.
Izwi iri pacharo ndiro rinogadziriswa gakava pamwe nekukanganiswa nekusanzwisisa. Kutanga nekuti iko kutsvedza kana subgenre yenyaya yekunyepedzera. Ndokureva kuti, "zvekufungidzira" nyaya idzo, nenzira inoshanda, dzinoshanda nenzira yakafanana inoitwa nemabhuku engano dzerudo kana madrama emhuri.
Sayenzi yekunyepedzera kana sainzi ngano?
Kune vatauri veSpanish, basa rekutsanangura mabhuku aya nekumisikidza magumo ane chimwe chikamu. Vamwe vanofunga kuti "sainzi ngano" ishanduro chaiyo uye isiriyo ye fikisheni yesainzi. Kuti chaicho chinhu "sainzi ngano." Mamwe mazwi, mashoma mazwi: ndezvekufungidzira pamisoro dzakasiyana, asi kuomerera kune kumwe kusagadzikana kwesainzi.
Ndiro chairo zano rekupedzisira - iro rekuomarara kwesainzi - iro rinoita kuti zvikwanise kusiyanisa mhando yemabhuku kubva kune yakanakisa. Sayenzi yekunyepedzera - kana sainzi ngano, sezvaunoda - inoda kutevedzera nekuisa pfungwa. Kufungidzira uye kunyange inonakidza, asi isingazungunuke. Kutarisira mabhuku uye kufunga kwekufungidzira aive mamwe emazita akashandisirwa rudzi urwu zvese zvisati zvabatanidzwa pasi pemuraira mumwe chete.
Verisimilitude, kutanga kwezvose
Sayenzi yekunyepedzera vanotaura nyaya havazivise mukati memanyoro avo kuti ivo vari kutaura sainzi ngano nyaya. Kunyangwe ivo vachiyambira - mumunhu wekutanga, vachitaurira vaverengi zvakananga kana kuburikidza nehunhu - kuti izvi i "zvisingatendeseki" uye kunyangwe "zvinonakidza" chokwadi, ivo vanosimbirira papfungwa yekuti izvo zvinotaurwa ndezvechokwadi.
Kune izvi vanovimba nezve yatove yakataurwa chikamu chesainzi logic. Ivo vanovaka yakajeka mitemo pamusoro pekuti zvinhu zvinoshanda sei uye vanoomerera pairi. Izvi zvinovatendera kuti vatange chibvumirano chekutaurirana nevaverengi.
Sayenzi ngano, pamberi pesainzi fungidziro
Yakareba pamberi pegumi regumi rezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, ngano dzesainzi dzakazara. Izvo zvaive zvisipo yaive pfungwa. Mazita akaita saEdgar Allan Poe kana Tomás Moro anogona kuverengerwa mune inozivikanwa se "Proto science fiction". Rondedzero inosanganisira vanyori vakaita saSir Arthur Conan Doyle, Charles Dickens kana Johannes Kepler.
Uye kunyangwe pasina kuenzana kwemafungiro kuburitsa tsananguro yechinhu chesainzi, kana kwayakatangira, zviri pachena kuti chaive chii. zita iro rakakamura nhoroondo yemhando iyi muzviviri. Ichi chi Frankenstein o Iyo Yemazuva Ano Prometheus naMaria Shelley.
Chinovhiringidza ndechekuti, mumakore achangopfuura - nekushanduka kwemhando iyi - chikara ichi chakarasikirwa nemukurumbira mukati me "Sci Fi". (Kunyangwe ichiri ngano yakakosha). Kune vazhinji inyaya inotyisa uye hapana chimwezve. Kunyangwe ichinyatso kuratidza kukosha kwenyaya idzi dzichisimbisa nekuteedzera neyakaomarara yesainzi.
Chii chinonzi sainzi ngano
Marobhoti, vatorwa kana interspace kufamba. Sayenzi ingano haisi kugara ichishamisa. Inosanganisira kuongorora kwehukama hwevanhu. Muenzaniso weizvi ndeuyu UtopianaTomás Moro. Chinyorwa chakaburitswa muna 1516 chinoitwa nemudzidzi wezvechitendero cheChirungu achifungidzira nzanga inotongwa nedzidziso dzefilosofi dzenyika dzekare uye pasi pekutenda kwechiKristu.
Iyo yakanaka yekuzadzisa nyika pakati pezvakanaka nezvisingaori yakave irimo mune isina tariro tariro uye nerima nhoroondo. Imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye Iwachi wachi orenji rakanyorwa naAnthony Burgess (1962). Marobhoti akabatanidzwawo mumhando iyi yekuwongorora (kufungidzira). Ko Androids Kurota kweMagetsi Makwai? naPhilp K. Dick (1968) mumwe muenzaniso wakanaka.
Uchronias, dystopias
Chimwe chikamu cheiyi nyanzvi yemhando ndeye uchrony. Iyi mhando ye "Imwe nhoroondo", vachiongorora mukana wekuti zvimwe zviitiko zvezvakaitika zvakaratidza maitiro ehunhu vangadai vakave neimwe sarudzo. Muenzaniso wakanaka kwazvo wakaberekwa patsva kubva mudanga raDick. Ndezve Murume munhare. Nhoroondo apo vabatsiri vakakundwa muHondo Yenyika II, izvo zvakatendera maGerman nemaJapan kukamura matunhu eUnited States.
Ramangwana redystopi nderimwe zano rinodzokorodza. Zvekare kutsvagirwa nzanga yakakwana kunopedzisira kwopa kusimuka kune kwakapesana. Iyi nhaurwa chaiyo yaive yemafashoni kwemakumi maviri emakore ekutanga ezana ramakumi maviri nemasere. Iyo Nzara Mitambo rakanyorwa naSuzanne Collins (2008) uye Divergent Veronica Roth (2011) mienzaniso miviri yeizvi. Kunyangwe dystopias isiri chinhu chitsva. 1984 rakanyorwa naGeorge Orwell (1949) uye Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury's (1953) ndeyechokwadi echinyakare.
Kufamba munguva
Kutsvaga kusinga gutsikane kwevanhu, uko kwakawana imwe placebo musainzi fungidziro mabhuku. Idea yakatsvaga kuzere munguva pfupi yapfuura mune yeGerman TV nhepfenyuro Dark, Yakagadzirwa neNetflix. Izvo vazhinji vasingazive ndezvekuti wekutanga muchina wekufamba nenguva wakauya wakagadziriswa muSpanish.
Akanga ari munyori weMadrid Enrique Gaspar uyo "akabvumidza" chimwe chezvinhu izvi pamberi peumwe munhu. Wakazviita munoverengeka Anachronópete, rakaburitswa muna 1887. Chinyorwa chisingazivikanwe neruzhinji rwevanhu uye icho chisina kuzivikanwa nenzira yakanakisa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti munyori uyu akararama zvirinani nemitambo yake uye zzuzu.
Aya mashanu akakosha esainzi enganonyorwa
Chii kushinga. Sarudza mashanu esainzi enganonyorwa uye uvape mazita "akakosha." Muchokwadi, hapana nzvimbo yezvakawanda. Nechikonzero ichi, nenzira yakasarudzika - uye kushandisa zvinyorwa zvekunyora chete (uye izvo zvakaverengwa) - runyorwa rwemazita mashanu "akasarudzika" mukati mezvinyorwa zvekunyepedzera zvinokurudzirwa.
Rwendo kuenda kuCentre yePasinaJules Verne
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Rwendo kuenda kuCentre yePasi
Kune vanyori vanoda kuzvipira kwakazara. Zvinhu zvavo chete. Jules Verne iri muchikamu ichocho. Kusarudza imwe nyaya mukati mekatalogu yako zvinoita kunge zvine njodzi. Izvi zvinoreva kusiya akawanda echinyakare. Asi isu tiri kuzomira takasimba mukati medu kusagadzikana kwesainzi.
Musoro wakaburitswa munaNovember 1864, makore akati wandei pasati izwi rekuti sainzi yekunyepedzera riine patent. Iyo yekudyidzana kwemukati menyika iyo yakashanda kune vazhinji vanofarira, nenzira yemutambo, asi zvakare zvakanyanya, Tumira fungidziro nezve izvo zvakavanzika pasi pematanho etectonic.
Iyo nguva MuchinanaHG Wells
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Iyo nguva Muchina
Mumwe munyori akakosha kana achitaura nezvesainzi ngano. Kupfuura izvozvo mipiro yake yakaonekwa kare pamberi pechigadziro chepfungwa iyi. Uye kunyangwe Enrique Gaspar achizivikanwa seyekutanga kuisa muchina wekufamba wenguva munhau dzake, hapana chimwe chezvinhu izvi chakajeka kupfuura icho che Herbert George Wells.
Nguva Machine.
Iyo yekushanya yakataurwa nemunyori weLondon uye ikaburitswa muna 1885, inogona kuodza moyo vaverengi vazhinji vezvizvarwa zvitsva. Hakuchina kupokana kwenguva. Kungofungidzira kwehunhu hunhu pamusoro pekuti nzanga ichave yakaita sei kana ichigona kutarisira zviitiko zvave kuda kusangana nazvo.
Yankee kuKing Arthur's CourtnaMark Twain
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Yankee muKing Arthur's Court
Zvakadaro muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, rakaburitswa makore mana chete mushure Muchina wenguva Wells. Iyo imwe nyaya iyo inosiyana kubva pamireniyamu mazano nezve nguva yekufamba uye nenjodzi dzinovhiringidza.
Yankee muDare raMambo Arthur.
Icho chiri panzvimbo yekufungidzira iyo inofungidzira zvinogona kuitika kana murume wamazuvano akazviisa mudare raMambo Arthur. Pakati peMiddle Ages uye pamwe chete nemamwe ma Knights eRound Tafura. Nekuwedzera kuti uyu munhu anofamba zvisinganzwisisike nenguva, inyanzvi mune pfuti.
Fahrenheit 451rakanyorwa naRay Bradbury
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Fahrenheit 451
Sangano umo mabhuku akarambidzwa. Izvi zvinoita sekurota kwevatongi vazhinji vechiFascist nevemasimba. Zvakare nevateveri vake. Ndiwo zvakare makakatanwa akavakirwa paari Fahrenheit 451 rakanyorwa naRay Bradbury.
Fahrenheit 451.
Rakaburitswa muna 1953, munyori weAmerica pachake akabvuma kuti akanyora nyaya iyi achinetsekana zvikuru nezvairehwa neMcCarthy Era. Nharo uye kunetsekana kuti, kunyangwe zviite sei sainzi ingaratidzika, ichiri kushanda nhasi.
Iyo Nzara Mitamborakanyorwa naSuzanne Collins
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Iyo Nzara Mitambo
Zvizhinji zve Best Sellers izvo zvasiya kusvika parizvino muzana ramakumi maviri nemasere zvakashurwa. Kune vazhinji, iwo anongova mabasa madiki. Kukodzera kwayo, pamusoro pekutengesa mamirioni emakopi, inouya pasi pakuvaraidza. Mubvunzo unogara uchimuka kuseri kwemhando idzi dzezvirevo: pane here chakashata nekuvaraidza vaverengi?
Zvisinei, Trilogy yaCollins, ane chitsauko chekutanga chakarova zvitoro zvemabhuku muna 2008, akauya kuzofema hupenyu hutsva kwete chete musainzi fungidziro. Zvakare ku "kura" nyaya dzekusagona kudanana pakati pevechiri kuyaruka. Izvi zvakatanga naEdward Cullen naBella Swan mukati Twilightrakanyorwa naStephenie Meyer (2005). Hukama husina munhu hwakakoshesa pamberi pekuonekwa kwaKatniss Everdeen naPeeta Mellark.