Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Bhaibheri Ndiro bhuku rinoverengwa zvikuru munhau. Maererano nomunyori James Chapman, makopi anopfuura mabhiriyoni 3,9 echinyorwa chinoyera chetsika dzechiJudha nechiKristu akatengeswa mumakore 50 apfuura bedzi. Saizvozvowo, huwandu hwemakopi anotengeswa anoramba akatenderedza 100 miriyoni pagore pasi rese uye anounganidza 2452 shanduro kusvika parizvino.
Pashure Bhaibheri, zvinokwanisika kufungidzira kuti ndeapi mabhuku akaverengwa zvakanyanya munhoroondo kuburikidza nenhamba dzekutengesa. Panyaya iyi, ndaizoenderera mberi Zvinyorwa kubva kubasa raMao Tse-tung (1966) naHou Bo naMao Zedong vane mamiriyoni mazana masere nemakumi maviri emakopi akatengeswa. Vanobva vauya Rungano rweMaguta maviri (1859) naCharles Dickens uye The Little Prince naAntoine de Saint-Exupéry, ese aine mazana maviri emamiriyoni emakopi.
Chii Bhaibheri uye vangani vakariverenga?
Bhaibheri Muunganidzwa wemagwaro echitendero anoshanda sehwaro hunoyera, kuvaJudha (Testamente Yekare) semakristu (Testamente Yekare neItsva). Nyanzvi dzemagamuchidzanwa aya dzinoti Mosesi ndiye oga munyori wadzo. Zvisinei, vafundisi nevezvenhau vanobvumirana pamusoro pemipiro yevamwe vanhu venhoroondo.
Kunobva Bhaibheri
Tichifunga nezvekare ezvinyorwa zvekutanga zve Bhaibheri (pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechisere BC), hazvibviri kuverenga kuti vanhu vangani vakariverenga. Sezviri pachena, iri ndiro bhuku rinokosha uye rine simba zvikuru munhoroondo yebudiriro yokuMadokero. Korani chete ndiyo inofananidzwa maererano netsika nemagariro (kunyanya kuganhurwa kuMiddle and Far East).
Bhaibheri Rinoumbwa nemabhuku akasiyana-siyana—anonzi “mabhuku”—kubva mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana: chiHebheru, chiAramaic nechiGiriki. Nekuda kwake, Bhaibheri rechiHebheru rine magwaro matsvene 24 echiJudha., izvo zvakatsanangurwa munguva yemireniyamu (900 BC - 100 AD). Pakati pawo, rekare iBhuku raJobho, rakanzi rakanyorwa naMosesi maererano netsika.
etymology uye chimiro
Izwi rokuti "Bhaibheri" inobva muchirevo chechiGiriki "Bhaibheri rinotiudza”, iro rinoshandura se“mabhuku matsvene”. Vanomhanya nemuunganidzwa wakakura uye wakasiyana-siyana wenyaya dzakatanga kutorwa semasumbu akasiyana. Saizvozvowo, vanotsanangura matangiro enyika uye emunhu, akasikwa naMwari mumufananidzo wake uye akafanana mubindu reEdheni kusvika pakupera kwevanhu neZuva Rokutongwa.
Musiyano uri pachena kwazvo pakati pemagwaro echiJudha neechiKristu unoratidzwa muTestamende Itsva.. Mukupedzisira kunoonekwa dzidziso dzaJesu weNazareta, dzinoratidzwa somwanakomana waMwari uye wekupedzisira wevaporofita. Testamente Yekare, kune rumwe rutivi, Tanach yevaHebheru—ine nyaya dzevaprofita vekare.
dudziro
Chimiro chezvino che Bhaibheri ChiKristu chakavambwa pasi pehupontificate weSaint Damasus I, mugore ra 382. Gare gare, Kanzuru yeTrent yakasimbisa uku kurava muna 1546 uye yakanzizve “canon” (muenzaniso). Kureva kuti, kubvira panguva iyoyo nhevedzano yamabhuku airangarirwa seanoshanda uye akavimbika yakatangwa, asi kwakati kurongwa kwakarambwa navafundisi vechiJudha.
Muzana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu, Muzivi weGermany uye mufundisi Martin Luther zvakare akaramba kusarudzwa kwechokwadi, mukupesana nedzidziso yechipapa ndokusimudzira Chinjo yePurotesitendi. Zvino, chinangwa chokutanga chesangano racho chakanga chiri chokuvandudza chiKaturike nokuda kwechiKristu chekare. Asi, mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kupatsanurwa mukati meChechi yeKaturike uko kwakavamba miitiro yazvino yorudzidziso yechiPurotesitendi.
Mamwe mabhuku anoverengwa zvakanyanya
Zvinyorwa kubva kubasa raMao Tse-tung (1966)
Hou Bo uye Mao Zedong's Manifesto haawanzooneka pandandanda yemabhuku akawanda anoverengwa enguva dzose nokuti kuraviwa kwawo kwaiva chikamu chemutemo wehurumende. Mukuwedzera, yakanga isiri nzira yehurumende yenyika ipi zvayo, chaizova chirongwa chinoitwa munyika ine vanhu vakawanda pasi rose: China. Nhasi, bhuku iri rinotorwa sechiratidzo pakati pevezvematongerwo enyika vari kuruboshwe.
Zviri mukati
- Bato reCommunist;
- Makirasi uye kurwa kwekirasi;
- Socialism uye communism;
- Kubata nemazvo kupokana kwevanhu;
- Hondo norugare;
- Imperialism uye zvese zvinopindura ingwe dzemapepa;
- Shingai kurwa uye kukunda;
- Hondo yevanhu;
- Hondo yavanhu;
- Hutungamiri hweBato nemaKomiti;
- The mass line;
- Basa rezvematongerwo enyika;
- Hukama pakati pevakuru nevarume;
- Hukama pakati peHondo neVanhu;
- Democracy uye minda mikuru yemuti;
- Dzidzo nekudzidziswa kwemauto;
- Pabasa ravanhu;
- Kuda nyika uye kuita zvepasi rose;
- ugamba hwechimurenga;
- Vakai nyika yedu zvine hungwaru uye neshungu;
- Kuzvigutsa uye kurwisana kwakaoma;
- Nzira dzekufunga uye nzira dzebasa;
- tsvakurudzo uye kudzidza;
- Kugadziriswa kwemafungiro asina kunaka;
- Unit;
- Subject;
- Kutsoropodza uye kuzvishora;
- MaKomonisiti;
- Paintings;
- Youth;
- Women;
- Tsika nehunyanzvi;
- Zvidzidzo.
Nhoroondo yemaguta maviri (1859)
Charles Dickens
Iyi nyanzvi ye Charles Dickens ibhuku renhoroondo rakaiswa muLondon neParis. Chiito ichi chinoitika pakati pehusiku uye kureba kweChimurenga cheFrance neKutonga kweKutyisa kunotevera. Mutambi mukuru ndiDr. Manette—worudzi rweFrance—anoramba ari mujeri muBastille muParis kwemakore 18.
Mushure menguva iyoyo, protagonist anotamira kuLondon kunogara naLucie, mwanasikana wake (waakanga asati amboonana naye). Zvichakadaro, njodzi inomuka munhoroondo yese nenzira yekuponda kana kuiswa mujeri.. Nechikonzero ichi, bhuku rinogara richiendesa mwero wakanyanya wemanyawi kumuverengi; Nenzira isingashamisi, pesvedzero yebhuku iri patsika dzakakurumbira haipokanidzwi.
Muchinda mudiki (1944)
Le Petit Muchinda -zita rekutanga muchiFrench- ndiro rinonyanya kuzivikanwa basa reane mukurumbira mutyairi wendege wechiFrench uye munyori Antoine de Saint Exupéry. Saizvozvo, Iyi ngano yevana yevakuru yakaita kuti murume wekuLyon ave munyori anozivikanwa pasi rese kusvika nhasi. Zvese izvi nekuda kweshoko repakati rebhuku, "zvinhu zvakanakisa muhupenyu ndizvo zvakapfava", zvekusaparara kwechokwadi.
Mamwe mazwi asingafe ane kushoropodzwa kwemagariro e Muchinda mudiki
- Mambo asina vatongi, anongorayira zvisingagoni kuitwa, sokuraira kuti zuva rivirire pakuvira kwezuva.
- "Murume ane jongwe anongoda kurumbidzwa kunobva mukuyemura uye kuva munhu anoyemurika pane imwe nyika yake isingagarwi."
- "Chidhakwa chinonwa kukanganwa nyadzi dzekunwa."
- "Mumwe geographer akwegura asina kumbove chero kupi zvako, kana kuona chero chaanonyora, achipa caricature yeunyanzvi munyika yemazuva ano."