A Ann radcliffe inoonekwa se piyona we gothic rinotyisa novel izvo zvakanyanya zvakarimwa, uye nekubudirira kukuru, zvakatopinda muzana remakore reXIX. Radcliffe akashaya pazuva rakaita nhasi de 1823 en London, kwaakaberekerwawo. Izvo zvinoda kuziva kuti zvakare muna Kukadzi 7, asi Makore 50 gare gare, akashaya imwe huru yemhando dzinotyisa senge weIrish Joseph Sheridan LeFanu. Radcliffe ndiye aive mutungamiriri ine dhizaina iko iyo kumisikidza kwakanakisa uye zvinhu zvemweya izvo zvino zvine tsananguro ine musoro. Pakati pemabasa ake ane mukurumbira pane Zvakavanzika zveUdolfo, asi zvakare tinotarisa kune vamwe.
Ann radcliffe
Akazvarirwa mukati London Chemhondoro Ann wadhi. Akazoroora William radcliffe, mupepeti we Chronicle Chronicle, muBath, uye ndiye aive iye ndakamukurudzira kutumira. Kwechinguva yaive iyo iyo Munyori wenhau anozivikanwa weEngland, nekubudirira kwakanyanya nekuda kwayo nyaya, kusanzwisisika zano uye mamiriro ayo ekutya. Zvimwe zvinhu izvo zvakakonzera kunonzi kunonzi Gothic novel, kupfuura izvo zvinogona kukanganisa izvo zvakazvipomerawo se tsananguro yakashata yemavara, kushomeka kwenhoroondo yakaoma kana zvisingaiti zano rinomonyoroka. Muchokwadi, vanyori vekare vakadai Walter scott akataura nezvake se "mudetembi wekutanga weprozi yerudo." Pakati pake vanoyemura paive nemazita akafanana neavo Ishe Byron, Coleridge o Mary shelley.
Kuvaka
Zvakavanzika zveUdolfo
Rakadhindwa muna 1794, ndiyo kota uye iyo basa rine mukurumbira. Iyo inofungidzirwawo seimwe yenhau huru dzeEuropean Romanticism. Inotaurira nyaya yaEmily St. Aubert uye rudo rwake rwakavhiringidzika neinoshamisa Valancourt, naUdolfo Castle kumashure. Ane zvese zvishandiso zverudo irworwo pamwe neiya eiyo gothic genre pachayo: nzvimbo iri kure, a akaipa kusanyengera, a mhandara mukutambudzika uye a anoyevedza muchinda izvo zvisiri chaizvo zvazvinonzwika senge. Uye ese akaputirwa mune iyo seti uye tsananguro yemamiriro erima, izere nezvakavanzika uye na kubata kunoshamisa yemweya nezvipenga.
Gare gare a Referrer sechiratidzo chechiratidziro chakakodzera kwazvo se Jane Austen akafananidza ino novel nebasa rake Northanger Abbey.
Athlin uye Dunbayne nhare
De 1789, ino ino yaive yekutanga yakaburitsa uye yakagamuchirwa zvakanaka zvekuti avo vanotevera vakafarira kubudirira kumwe chete nayo. Anotaura nyaya ya mudiki Earl weAthlin izvo, uchiziva nezvazvo kuuraya baba vake pamaoko aBaron Malcolm, anosarudza kuti chete iyo kutsiva unogona kudzorera rugare nerukudzo kumhuri yako. Kubatsirwa ne alleyn, akashinga uye akatendeka murimi, anotanga a crusade izvo zvinokutungamira iwe kuti urarame kune njodzi ine njodzi. Asi hapana kana mumwe wavo akamugadzirira ramangwana rakaipa izvo zvakavamirira mukati meakaipa dunbayne castle, izere ne magomba, mikova yakavanda uye nzira dzepasi pevhu, iyo pamwe chete nedutu rinotyisa, vanoyambuka nzira yake, uye vanoedza kuzvidzora kwake.
MuItaly kana kureurura kwevatema vatendeuka
Yakabudiswa mu 1797 uye zvakare yakave yakasarudzika yeiyo gothic mabhuku. Ino nguva isu tine nyaya ye Vincentio di Vivaldi, mudiki weNeapolitan aristocrat wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX Italy, iyo inodanana naEllena di Rosalba, ane mhuri isingamugamuchire. Vicentio haana kusiya kurambwa uku, asi amai vake, VaMarchioness veVivaldi, vanogamuchira kuraira kwe Schedoni mupristi, munhu akaipa, uye pamba musikana, iyo yaanovharira muimba yemamongi. Saka Vicentio anoenda parwendo rune ngozi kununura mudiwa wake. Iyo nyaya inopera senge ese maRadcliffe enganonyorwa: ane feliz yekupedzisira.
Iye weItaly izerewo ne kunyengera, kutengesa, rudo runorambidzwa uye zvakavanzika zvemhuri, yakanyanya kutaurwa misoro ye romance novel. Mamiriro acho akasimbiswazve, asi hakuna zvakadaro mashura zvinhu uye hongu, zvakadzama rondedzero yemabourgeois uye kunetseka munharaunda panguva yake.