Sarkin Roma
Sarkin Roma littafi ne na tarihi na gargajiya wanda ƙwararriyar Ingilishi, farfesa, edita kuma marubuciya Mary Beard, shahararriyar “fitacciyar masaniyar gargajiya ta Biritaniya ta rubuta. An buga aikin da ya shafi wannan bita a cikin Mutanen Espanya a cikin 2023 ta Silvia Furió da gidan wallafe-wallafen Crítica. Rubutun ya fito a matsayin ci gaba na Farashin SPQR. A tarihin zamanin d Roma, inda mai shahara ya zurfafa cikin wannan wayewa mai ban sha'awa.
Magana game da abin da Roma ta kasance a lokacin zamanin gargajiya yana buƙatar yin nazari mai zurfi game da labarin kasa, mutanenta da, fiye da duka, tsarin siyasa.. Don ƙarin fahimtar yadda birnin Madawwami ya zama abin da yake, ya zama dole a yi nazari mai zurfi a kan sarakunanta da kuma yadda suka yi bisa ga shaidar da ta wanzu.
Takaitawa game da Sarkin Roma
Su waye sarakunan Romawa
Shin matasa ne kawai masu tashin hankali da lalata waɗanda ba su san yadda za su bayyana motsin zuciyar su ba? Ko kuwa sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ne game da ikon da aka ba su lokacin da suka sami irin waɗannan mukamai? Hanyar da za a iya sani ita ce ta hanyar nazari, amma ba kawai wanda ya ƙunshi karanta tsohon tarihi ba., amma daga wanda ya fito daga hannun wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa gaba ɗaya don shaƙatawa na gargajiya Rome, da kuma cewa ya fahimce shi sosai.
Maryamu Beard ta yi magana game da batun sarakunan Romawa ta hanyar bayyana matsayin da kansa: wajibcinsu, abin da za su yi nazari don motsa jiki, ka'idodin maye gurbin, da sauran ilimi. Bugu da kari, Marubucin ya yi magana game da sarki a matsayin siffa, da kuma game da muhimman sunaye da suka fito a wannan lokacin, irin su Julius Caesar, Alexander Severus, Caligula, masanin falsafa Marcus Aurelius da Nero.
Menene sarki?
"Emperor" ya fito ne daga kalmar Latin sarki -wanda za'a iya fassara shi azaman "kwamanda" -. Yana da matsayi mafi girma na siyasa da za a iya ba wa mutum a zamanin d ¯ a Roma.. A bisa ka'ida, haka ake kiran wadanda suka ci nasara a yakin. Ya kamata a lura cewa an kuma sanya wannan lakabi a kan Augustus da dukan magajinsa, ko na biyu ya ci nasara a gasar ko a'a.
Hanya mai ban sha'awa ga tarihin gargajiya
Ba kasafai ake karanta tarihi da ƙwazo ba kamar yadda zai yiwu a yi haka tare da Mary Beard., Tun da marubucin Birtaniya ya shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin d Roma don haka ya kasance a cikin abin da kowa zai iya isa, wanda ba abin mamaki ba ne, saboda ilimin da take da shi a kan batun.
Da farko dai Sarkin Roma yana ba da kididdigar lokaci a waje da ƙa'idodin tarihi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana tunkarar rayuwar sarakuna ta fuskar ɗan adam.
Mary Gemu yana haifar da daidaito tsakanin koyarwa da nishaɗi ba tare da rasa kowane bangare ba. Kuma me ya sa ba haka ba?Waɗannan ba dole ba ne su kasance masu keɓanta juna. Don haka, marubucin ya fara tafiya mai zurfi zuwa batutuwa kamar buƙatun uku waɗanda dole ne sarki ya cika. Beard ya fassara su da: “… dole ne ya yi nasara, dole ne ya zama mai taimako kuma dole ne ya dauki nauyin sabbin gine-gine ko kuma maido da wadanda suka lalace.”
Tsarin aikin
Sarkin Roma an kasu kashi surori goma. Rubutun ya fara da abubuwan Julius Kaisar, wanda aka kashe a cikin 44 BC. C., da hawan mulki na babban kanensa Augustus, wanda daga baya ya zama sarki na farko a hukumance na birnin. Daga nan, Marubucin ya yi nazari mai zurfi a kan zamanin da ya kai kusan shekaru dari uku bayan haka., daga tsakiyar karni na farko BC. C. har zuwa tsakiyar karni na XNUMX AD. c.
Wannan lokacin ya shafi wa'adin sarakuna talatin. Babi goma na littafin an riga an gabatar da gabatarwa inda marubuciyar ta ɗauki siffar Elagabalus mai jayayya a matsayin babban jarumin ta. Daga shi, Mary Beard ta ci gaba da ruguza duk wasu abubuwan tarihi na sarki, kamar "masu aiki mai himma. kuma ma'aikaci" da kuma 'yanci mai haɗari.
Canji na Roma
A ƙarshe, littafin ya ƙare da ƙayyadaddun kalmomi a matsayin ma'auni, wanda ke nuna mahimmancin Romawa na gargajiya da kuma faduwarta a hannun cocin Katolika na farko. A cikin kundinta, marubuciyar ta ba da sharhi da suka yi nisa da nazari kamar na Edward Gibbon. Misali: Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ikon sarkin bai ragu ba da zuwan Kiristanci., amma ya karu saboda wannan addini. Wannan gaskiya ne, ba shakka, kawai idan muna magana ne game da sarki Kirista.
Bambancin gaske tsakanin nau'ikan gwamnatocin biyu shine tsarin haɗin gwiwar addini. Helenawa na d ¯ a sun kāre allolinsu na Olympics, yayin da Kiristocin Orthodox suka bauta wa siffar Yesu Almasihu. A cewar marubucin, mulkin kama-karya da ke da alaƙa da Roma ƙarya ne, madubi mai karkatarwa.”
Game da marubucin, Winifred Mary Beard
An haifi Winifred Mary Beard a cikin 1955, a Much Wenlock, United Kingdom. Marubucin ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Shrewsbury High School, makarantar kwana ga 'yan mata. Lokacin bazara ya zo, sau da yawa yakan shiga aikin tona kayan tarihi don samun kuɗin kansa. Kafin fara matakin jami'a Ya yi tunanin yin karatu a King's College, amma ya ajiye shi a gefe saboda wannan makarantar ba ta yarda da samari kawai..
Wannan hujja ta nuna matsayinta na mata daga baya kusan kamar yadda ta samu Kwalejin Newnham, jami'ar da ta shiga. Duk da yanayin mata na kayan aiki, Maryamu Gemu ya gane cewa mazan da ke kula da makarantar sun ci gaba da rage ƙoƙarin mata., don haka ta bukaci kanta da ta yi karatu sau biyu don rage waɗannan manufofin.
A ƙarshe, Ya kware a fannin karatun gargajiya, kuma ya sadaukar da kansa wajen koyo, baya ga koyar da darussa a jami’o’in Cambridge, Abokin Kwalejin Newnham da Royal Academy of Arts, inda ya yi fice a cikin laccocinsa, kasidunsa da kuma mafi kyawun sayar da littattafansa.
Sauran littattafan Mary Beard
- Roma a Jamhuriyar Marigayi (1985);
- Jagorar Uwar Aiki Mai Kyau (1989);
- Maguzawa Firistoci: Addini da Ƙarfi a Duniya ta Tsohu (1990);
- Classics: A takaice Gabatarwa (1995);
- Addinai na Roma (1998);
- Ƙirƙirar Jane Harrison (2000);
- Art Art daga Girka zuwa Roma (2001);
- Parthenon (2002);
- The Colosseum (2005);
- Nasarar Romawa (2007);
- Pompeii: Rayuwar Garin Romawa (2008);
- Fuskantar Classics: Al'adu, Kasada da Sabuntawa (2013);
- Dariya a tsohuwar Roma: Akan Barkwanci, Tickling, and Cracking Up (2014);
- SPQR: Tarihin tsohuwar Roma (2016).