Wanene Noam Chomsky?

Noam Ibrahim Chomsky An haife shi a Philadelphia (Amurka) a 1928, musamman a ranar 7 ga Disamba. Masanin harshe ne (godiya ga mahaifinsa, tunda shi ne wanda ya jagoranci matakansa zuwa ga nazarin ilimin harshe) kuma ma falsafa-mai tunani.

Ilimin da aka samu a gida (ya girma a cikin yahudawa, ya koyi Ibrananci kuma ya saurara koyaushe, tare da ɗan'uwansa David Eli Chomsky, don yin muhawara game da siyasar zionism, kamar yadda danginsa suke da hannu dumu-dumu cikin hagu na yahudawan Zionism), ya jagoranci karatunsa da kuma damuwar sa zuwa duniyar tunani.

Ina karatu a cikin Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda Zellig Harris ya rinjayi shi. Gama da Doctorate a cikin 1951Bayan wannan, ya yi shekaru huɗu a Harvard kuma a ƙarshe, a 1955, ya koma Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda shi da kansa ya yi karatu don fara aiki mai tsayi da doguwa. koyarwa a Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Ilmin iliminku na harshe da falsafar ku, menene suka ƙunsa?

Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar nahawu mai canzawa -.

Menene ilimin nahawuwa mai kawo canji?

Bayan wannan dogon sunan mai rikitarwa akwai tsarin nazarin harshe wanda ya yi gogayya da ilimin ilimin gargajiya zama mai alaƙa da falsafa, hankali, da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.

A 1957 ya buga littafinsa "Tsarin ma'amala", littafin da aka dauka a matsayin juyin juya hali a fannin ilimin ilimin harshe. A ciki, Chomsky ya ba da shawarar cewa kowane furcin mutum yana da tsari biyu:

• Una Tsarin ƙasa, wanda shine hanya don haɗa kalmomin sama-sama.
• Kuma daya zurfin tsari wanda ya dogara da komai bisa ka'idoji da hanyoyin duniya. A cikin wannan tsari ana jayayya cewa hanyoyin samo harshe na dabi'a ne a cikin dukkan 'yan adam kuma ana kunna su da zaran yaro ya fara koyan tushen harshe. Wato, a jerin tsarin tsarin ilimin nahawu wanda saboda haka zai zama gama gari ga dukkan bil'adama.

Babban dan gwagwarmayar siyasa

Es babban mai sukar jari-hujja, musamman tare da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. A cikin 1967 ne ya fara gwagwarmaya cikin gwagwarmayar siyasa, yana adawa da sa hannun Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam. Daga wannan ne ya samu littafin nasa mai taken "Hakkin masu hankali", wanda ya sami babbar daraja.

An hade da 'Sabuwar Hagu' (Sabuwar Hagu), kuma don hakan ya kasance kama sau da yawa don gwagwarmayar yaki da yaki. Chomsky, tare da Edward S. Herman, sun gabatar da ingantacciyar hanyar farfaganda tare da duk abin da ya shafi manufofin ƙetare na Amurka, har ma lokacin da ya yi ritaya, ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayar sa ta hanyar tallafawa kai tsaye motsi 'Mamaye' da sauran masu irin wannan halaye.

Ya auri Carol Schatz Doris a 1949, wanda suke tare har zuwa 2008, shekarar mutuwarta. Tare da wannan dangantakar yana da yara uku: Aviva, Diane, da Harry. A cikin 2014, ya auri Valeria Wasserman.

Yawancin sanannun ayyuka

Game da ilimin harshe

• 1957: "Tsarin ma'amala"
• 1965: "Fagen Ka'idar Haɓaka"
• 1965: "Kimiyyar Harsunan Cartesian"
• 1968: "Harshe da tunani"
• 1970: "wallafe-wallafe a halin yanzu a Ka'idar Harshe"
• 1972: "Nazarin Ilimin Zamani a Tsarin Nahawu"
• 1975: "Tunani kan yaren"
• 1977: "Takaddun bayani kan tsari da fassara"
• 1980: "Dokoki da wakilci"
• 1981: "Tarurruka kan Gwamnati da bauratar da littafin: Taron Pisa".
• 1984: "Samun damar daidaitaccen sassa don nazarin hankali"
• 1986: "shingaye"
• 1986: "Ilimin Harshe: Dabi'arsa, Asalinta da Amfani da Ita"
• 1995: "Tsarin Minimalist"

Game da siyasa

• 1970: "Gwamnati a Nan Gaba"
• 1984: "Yakin Cacar Baki na Biyu"
• 1988: "Yanci na biyar"
• 1987: "Akan Iko da Akida"
• 1990: "Waliyyan 'Yanci"
• 1992: "Tsoron dimokiradiyya"
• 1997: "Kauyen Duniya"
• 1997: "Gwagwarmayar Aji"
• 1997: "Sabon tsarin duniya (da tsohuwar)"
• 2000: "Ayyukan ta'adi"
• 2000: "Riba ita ce abin kirgawa"
• 2001: "Ra'ayoyi kan Iko"
• 2001: "La Des-Ilimi"
• 2002: "farfaganda da ra'ayin jama'a"
• 2003: "The alwatika mai mutuwa"
• 2003: "Al'adun ta'addanci"
• 2004: "Hasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya"
• 2004: "Pirates da Sarakuna"
• 2007: “Jihohin da suka gaza. Cin zarafin mutane da kuma hari kan dimokiradiyya "
• 2008: "Tsoma baki"
• 2008: "Kan rashin tsari"
• 2008: "Lebanon, daga ciki"
• 2010: "Fatare da gaskiya"
• 2012: "Masu ruɗani"
• 2013: "Akan Rashin Tsarin Mulki"
• 2015: "Saboda mun faɗi haka"

Wasu daga cikin tunaninshi na siyasa, yare da addini

Ra'ayoyin Chomsky, ba tare da tsayawa ko mun yarda da shi ba ko ba mu yarda ba, yana da kyau a sani, da kuma dukkan masu tunani da masana falsafa waɗanda suka sadaukar da shekaru da yawa na rayuwarsu don yin tunani. Chomsky yana da komai: siyasa, ilimin harshe da addini, kuma idan ba haka ba, karanta gaba wasu maganganun nasa:

Ga mafi yawan alumma, ko da a cikin ƙasa mai arziki kamar Amurka, albashi ya tsaya ko ya faɗi a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, yayin da awanni da rashin aikin yi suka karu sosai […] Tattalin arzikin duniya ya ƙi a daidai wannan lokacin ( […] ga yawancin mutanen duniya, yanayi yana da ban tsoro kuma galibi yana taɓarɓarewa, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, […] Dangantaka tsakanin haɓaka tattalin arziƙi da jin daɗin zamantakewar da ya faru sau da yawa (misali, bayan yaƙi ko kafin sasantawa ) an datse shi.

Yesu da kansa, kuma mafi yawan sakonnin Linjila, sako ne na hidima ga matalauta, sukar masu hannu da shuni, da kuma koyarwar lumana, kuma hakan ya kasance, haka Kiristanci yake ... har zuwa Constantine. : Constantine ya canza shi, don haka gicciye, wanda shine alama ce ta zaluntar wani da ke aiki don matalauta, an saka shi a garkuwar Daular Rome. Ya zama alama ce ta tashin hankali da zalunci, wanda shine mafi ƙarancin abin da cocin ya kasance har zuwa yanzu ...

Idan kun yi imani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki to kun yi imani da magana kyauta don ra'ayoyin da ba ku so. Misali, Goebbels yana goyon bayan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki don ra'ayoyin da ya raba, Stalin ma. Idan kuna goyon bayan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, wannan yana nufin cewa kuna goyon bayan' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki daidai don ra'ayoyin da ba ku raba ba, in ba haka ba, ba za ku goyi bayan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ba.

Labarin nishadi

A matsayin gaskiya game da adadi na Noam Chomsky zamu gaya muku cewa duka 'yan ta'addan jihadi ne Bin Laden kamar shugaban Venezuela da ya gabata, Hugo Chávez, ya yi "farfaganda" game da rubutun Noam Chomsky, yana mai iƙirarin cewa dole ne a karanta irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin don "ƙara fahimtar" manufofinsa "game da Amurka.