Fernando de Rojas: marubucin dokoki

Fernando de Rojas (c. 1470-1541) an san shi da kasancewa marubucin littafin. Celestine (1499), adabin Mutanen Espanya na duniya. Duk da haka, an yi tambaya sosai game da marubucin kuma an yi la'akari da yiwuwar cewa wannan aikin ba a san shi ba. Kodayake akwai shakku da yawa game da rayuwar marubucin da kuma wanda ya rubuta game da soyayyar Calisto da Melibea, ya bayyana a fili cewa Rojas shine ainihin mahaliccin Celestine.

Duk da haka, ya gagara jingina masa wasu ayyukan adabi fiye da wannan. Darajar Celestine ya zama ya fi isa ya haɗa da masanin shari'a Fernando de Rojas a cikin jerin manyan marubutan wallafe-wallafen Mutanen Espanya. Kuma a nan za mu gaya muku kadan game da wannan marubucin.

Fernando de Rojas: mahallin da rayuwa

Tattaunawa game da asalin marubucin Bayahude

Ana tunanin Fernando de Rojas yana da asalin Yahudawa. An ba da wannan hasashe isasshe, kodayake ba ita kaɗai ba. Hakazalika, Rojas zai yi nisa da danginsa Bayahude na ƙarshe. Kuma shi ne marubucin ya kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin aikin gwamnati wanda ba zai yiwu ba ga mutum daga dangin da suka tuba kwanan nan. Sannan ana kiyasin cewa zai iya zama Bayahude ƙarni na huɗu.

A shekara ta 1492 sarakunan Katolika ne suka ba da umarnin korar Yahudawa daga Spain. An tilasta wa iyalai da yawa su tuba zuwa bangaskiyar Kirista, amma ko da yake sun yi, an zarge mutane kaɗan da yin Yahudanci, ko kuma zama Yahudawa-Yahudawa, da kuma yin addinin Yahudawa a cikin gidajensu. Wannan tuhuma kuma ta yi nauyi ga dangin Fernando de Rojas. Ko da yake akwai kuma wani sigar da ta ce mahaifinsa hidalgo ne mai suna García González Ponce de Rojas.. A gaskiya ma, akwai buƙatu daga dangi don tabbatar da girman su.

Wasu mutane da yawa sun tsananta wa ’yan ƙasar Kirista da kansu, waɗanda ko kaɗan zato, suka yi gaggawar ɓata maƙwabtansu. Haka kuma lamarin dangin siyasar Rojas ne. Domin ya auri Leonor Álvarez de Montalbán, wadda ɗiyar sabon tuba ce da ake zargi da yin addinin Yahudawa, Álvaro de Montalbán.. Wannan mutumi ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa surukinsa, sanannen malamin shari’a ya taimaka masa. Amma Fernando de Rojas ba zai iya yi wa surukinsa komai ba.

Wannan shi ne yanayin da aka hura a lokacin marubucin kuma, ko da yake kamar yadda muka gani ba shi da wani baƙo ga wannan mahallin na rashin haƙura da addini. Fernando de Rojas ya gudanar da rayuwa mai dadi tare da iyalinsa, yana shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a.

rayuwar marubuci

An haifi Fernando de Rojas a La Puebla de Montalbán, a Toledo, tsakanin 1465 zuwa 1470.. Game da asalinsa an yi ta tattaunawa da yawa game da ko dangin hidalgos ne ko kuma masu tuba. Kadan ne aka sani game da kuruciyarsa da kuruciyarsa.. Don ƙarin koyo game da horon da ya yi, ko kuma idan tsarin aikin kawai da aka jingina masa ma nasa ne. Celestine, dole ne mu je karatu da nazarin takardun lokacin.

Alal misali, yana da digiri na jami'a, ba shakka, domin shi lauya ne kuma ya rike mukamai daban-daban na dacewa da jama'a, kamar magajin Talavera de la Reina (Toledo). Hakanan, a cikin rubutu na Celestine akwai magana game da bachelor Fernando de Rojas, wanda a yau zai zama lakabi na digiri ko digiri. Sannan kuma an ce ya gama karatunsa a daidai lokacin da ya hada wannan aiki domin ya riga ya kammala kusan lokacin da ya fito. Celestine a cikin 1499. Saboda abubuwan da ke cikin wannan aikin, an yi imanin cewa ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Salamanca. Wani lokaci daga baya zai tafi Talavera de la Reina.

Ya yi aure a 1512 tare da Leonor Alvarez de Montalban. kuma kafin riga Ya zauna a Talavera de la Reina inda ya sami damar jin daɗin ƙwarewar sana'a. Anan akwai bayanai da yawa game da marubucin da ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya kuma magajin gari a wannan gari, yana aiwatar da ayyuka masu girma na zamantakewa. Tare da matarsa ​​jimlar yara bakwai.

Ya kula da babban ɗakin karatu, da aikinsa Celestine nuna soyayyarsu ga haruffa da adabi, fiye da aikinsu na doka. Duk da haka, ba a haɗa shi da wasu rubutu ko marubuta, mawallafa ko da'irar adabi. Yana da sha'awar yadda rubutu ɗaya ya iya ɗaukaka shi a cikin wallafe-wallafen Mutanen Espanya, ya rubuta babban aikinsa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa.

Fernando de Rojas ya mutu a shekara ta 1541, yana mai jaddada bangaskiyar Kirista da ya yi a cikin wasiƙarsa..

Wasu la'akari game da La Celestina

Ambaton mutuminsa a matsayin marubucin Celestine suna fitowa musamman daga mutanen da ke kusa da su. A kowane hali, babu wanda ya yi iƙirarin mallakar aikin, amma ko sunan Fernando de Rojas bai bayyana a bangon bugu na farko na wannan littafin ba.

Aikin ya fito a cikin sigar farko kamar yadda Calisto da Melibea mai ban dariya sannan kuma a cikin wani mai taken Tragicomedy na Calisto da Melibea, watakila a matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na halin aikin, kuma a kaikaice saboda ruhin al'ummar Mutanen Espanya. Bugu da kari, rubutun ya sami sauye-sauye a tsari da abun ciki domin ya karu daga ayyuka 16 zuwa 21. Buga dukkansu kadan ne aka adana su kuma ra'ayoyi da hukunce-hukunce sun bambanta game da su, gami da Har yanzu ana tambayar ko Fernando de Rojas ne da gaske yake jagorantar duk waɗannan gyare-gyare; tunda ana maganar samuwar wasu marubuta biyu.

Kalmar ashana, wanda ya bayyana a cikin ƙamus tare da ma'anar mai zuwa: "pimp (mace mai tsara dangantaka ta soyayya)", ya fito ne daga wannan aikin da ya shiga cikin tarihi duk da asirai da ke kewaye da marubucin. Wasa ne a cikin ayar wanda nasararsa za ta iya tashi tun daga farko tare da fassarorinsa da kuma sake fitar da su. zuwa Italiyanci, Jamusanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Yaren mutanen Holland da Latin.

Labari ne mai matuƙar gaske kuma tsayayyen labari, amma an yarda da shi, wanda ya haifar da mamaki a lokacin kuma ya ƙarfafa wasu abubuwan.. Hakanan ya rinjayi sauran marubuta da ayyuka. Celestine Har ila yau, ta sami gyare-gyare da yawa a cikin nau'ikan fasaha daban-daban kuma ta rayu a matsayin aikin duniya na rayuwa da al'adu fiye da shekaru 500 bayan buga shi.