Yiziphi izimfuneko zokuwina uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi?

Kulo mhlaka-6 Okthoba - uLwesine wokuqala wenyanga yeshumi, njengenjwayelo - i-Swedish Academy izomemezela owine uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ka-2022. Ezinsukwini ezedlule, amagama abasolwa abavamile abazowina umklomelo aqala ukuzwakala, njengoba unyaka ngamunye, kuma-tabloids emhlabeni jikelele. ESpain, uJavier Marías (RIP) sekuyiminyaka elindile—futhi akushiwo ukuthi uzoba uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi wesibili okhishwe ngemva kokufa—; eCanada, uMargaret Atwood no-Anne Carson; wase-Japan, u-Haruki Murakami… futhi uhlu luyaqhubeka.

Iqiniso liwukuthi, ukushiya eceleni ulwandle lwabangase baphumelele, kunombuzo abalandeli abaningi be-Swedish Academy abazibuza wona: "Iziphi izidingo zokuwina uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi?". Ngezansi, eminye imininingwane ebalulekile lokho kuzocacisa lemfihlakalo futhi izoshukumisa abaningi ukuba baqhubeke nokuzikhandla emsebenzini wabo wokubhala.

Okokuqala: qokwa

Minyaka yonke, isisekelo sinesibopho sokwenza isicelo esisemthethweni sabazongenela ukhetho. Kamuva, izikole, izinhlangano kanye nababhali abavelele bezwe ngalinye baphethe ukuthumela izicelo zabo.

Mayelana nalokhu, u-Ellen Mattson, ilungu leKomidi likaNobel elihlonishwayo, waphawula: “Sinabantu emhlabeni wonke abanelungelo lokuqoka: izifundiswa, abagxeki, abakhulumeli bezinhlangano zemibhalo, ezinye izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme. Nabahlomuli bangaphambilini kanye namalungu e-Swedish Academy.”

Izidingo ezidingekayo?

Ikakhulukazi: ukuba ngumnikazi wongwaqa, umkhondo oqhubekayo nalokho, ngokomsunguli walo mklomelo, u-Alfred Nobel, lo msebenzi unikeze "inzuzo enkulu kakhulu esintwini".

Kungacatshangwa ngemva kokufunda lowo musho ukuthi umbhali kufanele akhuthaze izindinganiso, izimiso, izinguquko ezinamandla, noma, njengasendabeni ye U-Abdulrazak Gurnah — owawina uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi Ka-2021—, ube yizwi lalabo abebengakwazi ukukhuluma. Okungenhla kumele kube nedumela elibi, yingakho ukubaluleka kokuba nendlela yemibhalo ebonakalayo nezwakalayo.

Dlula ukuhlanzwa kokuqala ezinkulungwaneni zeziphakamiso: yiba "nenhlansi yaphezulu"

Ngemuva kwesicelo sezicelo sesigungu esilawulayo, amagama abenzi bezicelo atholwa kuze kube ngumhla lulunye kuFebhuwari. Ngokuvamile, izinkulungwane zeziphakamiso ziyafika. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili, I-Academy iphethe ukwenza ukuhlanza okuphelele kufika ku-20 amakhandidethi.

Nakuba kungathiwa bafunda umsebenzi kanye nomsebenzi wombhali ngamunye ukuze bazi ukuthi ubani ofanelekela ukuba kuleli qembu elikhethiwe, Iqiniso liwukuthi akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi iyiphi imibandela esetshenziswayo ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ubani ophase lesi sihlungi sokuqala esibalulekile..

Kulungile manje esikwaziyo, futhi imininingwane yakamuva evela kuMatson uqobo, kunjalo ngifuna "inhlansi yaphezulu"... "uhlobo oluthile lwamandla, intuthuko eqhubekayo ngezincwadi."

Ukuthi umsebenzi ugqame phakathi kwabangu-5 abaphumelele

Inyanga ka-Ephreli noMeyi idlula ngokunye ukuncishiswa okuthatha isibalo sabazongenela ukhetho sisuke ku-20 siye ku-5. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ngemva kokuhlunga, imisebenzi yabakhethiwe icutshungulwa ngokujulile, futhi ngo-October—ngevoti leKomiti KaNobel— kunqunywa ukuthi ubani ozongena emlandweni wezinhlamvu zesintu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umbhali othole amavoti angaphezu kwesigamu uyawina. Esinye isici esingavamile ukuthi akekho onganqoba uma ungakaqokwanga okungenani kabili emklomelweni. Ngakho-ke, akekho umuntu omusha ozonikezwa uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi, ngisho noma umsebenzi wakhe usho okuhlukile. Manje kuyaqondakala ukuthi kungani sivame ukuzwa amagama avamile phakathi kwabangase baphumelele minyaka yonke.

Idatha ethakazelisayo nokunye okusobala

• Akekho ongakwazi ukuzenzela isicelo;
• Kuze kube manje, sekuklonyeliswe imiklomelo kaNobel Yezincwadi eziyi-114;
• Bangu-118 abawinile (119 ngoLwesine oluzayo);
• Kane umklomelo uphindwe kabili;
• Amadoda ayi-101 aklonyelisiwe;
• Bangu-16 kuphela abesifazane abawine uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi;
• Kwakukhona izikhathi ezingu-7 lapho umklomelo ungakhishwanga khona;
• U-Erik Axel Karlfeldt uwukuphela komuntu othole uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngemva kokufa.. Kwenzeka ngo-1931 emcimbini wokuklomelisa.
• Ababhali bezilimi ezihlukene ezingama-25 baye bahlukaniswa;
• U-Rudyard Kipling ungomncane kunabo bonke ukuthola uMklomelo KaNobel ku-Literature.. Kwenzeka ngo-1907. Ngesikhathi somcimbi wokuklomelisa, wayeneminyaka engu-41 ubudala;
• Ngemva kweminyaka engu-100 kwaba yithuba lomuntu omdala owathola indondo, wayeneminyaka engu-88 ubudala. Kwenzeka ngo-2007, futhi kwakunguDoris Lessing;
• Ezikhathini ezimbili umklomelo wenqatshiwe. Isikhathi sokuqala kwakunguBoris Pasternak, ngo-1958; kwase kuba uJean-Paul Sartre ngo-1964.