USaint Michael Good, umfel 'ukholo.
NgoMeyi 13, 1931 yabonakala ishicilelwe okokuqala ngqa USanta Manuel Bueno, umfel 'ukholo, kuN ° 461 kamagazini Inoveli yanamuhla. Kuyi-nivola efingqa izici eziningi zomsebenzi omkhulu wesazi sefilosofi nomlobi uMiguel de Unamuno. Lo mbhalo ukhombisa ukukhathazeka okuningi obekuhlala kuhlupha isihlakaniphi esikhulile.
Lokhu kukhombisa okukhona kuvezwa ngomlingiswa wakhe oyinhloko, umpristi. Kanye nenhloso yombhali waseBasque wokunyakazisa onembeza babafundi bakhe ukubashukumisela ekufuneni okungokomoya kweqiniso. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukungqubuzana phakathi kokholo nesizathu kwaba ngumzabalazo wangaphakathi unomphela e-Unamuno.
Sobre el autor
UMiguel de Unamuno (Bilbao, Septhemba 29, 1864 - Salamanca, Disemba 31, 1936) kungenye yezinkomba ezinkulu kakhulu zeGeneration of 98. Umsebenzi wakhe ukhombisa ubuciko obuphakeme bezitayela ezahlukahlukene ezinjengama-eseyi, amanoveli, izinkondlo nobuciko bokwenza. ENyuvesi yaseSalamanca wayenguProfesa waseGrisi, wayenguRector ngisho, kodwa waxoshwa ngenxa yezizathu zepolitiki.
Waya ekudingisweni eFrance ngesikhathi sobushiqela buka Primo de Rivera. Lapho ebuyela eSpain waphinde wabamba umfundisi. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwayo ngo-1931, USanta Manuel Bueno, umfel 'ukholo yanyatheliswa ngaphansi kwelebula le-Espasa Calpe kanye nezinye izindaba ezimbili ngo-1993. Lezi zindaba ezimbili ezihambisanayo ziphethwe ngokulinganayo yizindikimba ezikhona ezithandwa kakhulu Unamuno.
Ubuntu buka-Unamuno, isitayela nomcabango
Isimo sakhe esinzima siqhathanisa ngandlela thile nombono okhathazayo wokuphila, yakhelwe engxoxweni engapheli yefilosofi. Ngendlela efanayo, isimo esilinganiselwe somuntu kwakuwumqondo ovamile kumaculo akhe, amakwe ngesitayela esiphilayo nesinembile, ngaphandle kwama-frills. Konke okuvezwe nge-rustic, expression ecacile, ekhokhiswa i-antithesis, isetshenziselwe ukuveza indawo yakhe yangaphakathi.
Miguel de Unamuno.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhundla sakhe eSpain naseYurophu siwuphawu lokuthi ekugcineni uzimisele ngokweqile. Eminyakeni yakhe yokuqala eyishumi, u-Unamuno wabona kunesidingo sokuthi "i-Europeize iSpain", ngenxa yokubuyela emuva kwesizwe sase-Iberia maqondana nezwekazi. Kepha ngasekupheleni kwempilo yakhe wakubona kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi "iSpainese iYurophu". Ngalokhu ushiya kanjalo udumo olwake lwenziwa ngenqubekela phambili yaseYurophu.
Ukuphikisana kusuka ku- USanta Manuel Bueno, umfel 'ukholo
U-langela Carballino ungumhleli wendaba kaDon Manuel Bueno, i-plebano yedolobha elincane ahlala kulo, uValverde de Lucerna. Ukulandelana kwemicimbi kubangela ukuthi umpristi wesifunda athathwe "njengosanta ophilayo, owenziwe ngenyama negazi" kanye nohlobo lwangempela lwenceku kaNkulunkulu. Ngothando olungenamibandela nokuzinikela ukududuza abasengozini kakhulu, kusiza "wonke umuntu ukuba afe kahle."
Ngelinye ilanga umfowabo ka-Angela, uLázaro, ozicabangela yena onenkambiso yokuphikisa abefundisi, ubuyela edolobheni. Yize ukungazwani kukaLázaro okokuqala noDon Manuel kusheshe kuphenduke ukubabazeka ngemuva kokuzwa ukuzincisha kwakhe. Kepha umpristi unecala elifihliwe: impela akakholelwa Kuye. Ulangazelela ingunaphakade, kepha ukungabi nalukholo kwakhe kwenza kungabi lula ngaye ukuqonda ukuvuka komzimba.
Ukulungisiswa
UDon Manuel uvuma imfihlo yakhe ngqo kuLázaro futhi lena ku-Angela. Uchaza indlela aziphethe ngayo ngenhloso yakhe yokugcina "ukuthula phakathi kwabathembekile." Ukhetha ukugcina imfundiso eduduzayo yokuphila ngemuva kokufa phakathi kwamakholwa ukuze angabaphazamisi. Ngemuva kwalokho, uLázaro unquma ukushiya imibono yakhe eqhubekayo, enze sengathi uyaguqula futhi usebenzisana nomsebenzi wobaba.
Ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, UDon Manuel uyashona - yize engalubuyisanga ukholo lwakhe - enezimfanelo ezanele zokuthola udumo. U-Angela noLázaro kuphela abakwaziyo imfihlo yakhe. Ekugcineni, lapho uLázaro eshona, u-Angela ugcina ezibuza ngokuhlengwa kwabathandekayo bakhe.
Imibono yefilosofi
Ngokujwayelekile, Ubuciko bemibhalo kaMiguel de Unamuno ngokusobala bukhona ngobuntu. Ihlola ukuzithoba kwenkululeko yomuntu ngokubuka komuntu ngamunye, lapho umuntu ngamunye enesibopho sezinqumo zakhe. Ngakho-ke, indoda yase-Unamunian ayiphakamisi yonke into ebhizinisini langaphambilini elikwazi ukubeka noma ukunquma kwangaphambili indlela yalo.
Ukufana phakathi kuka-Unamuno nabaphikisi bakhe
Umlingiswa kaDon Manuel ufisa ukukholelwa ephakade futhi azihlenge okholweni lwakhe, ngoba wesaba isimo sakhe sokufa. Ngendlela efanayo, U-Unamuno wayehambisana nomcabango wakhe wokudlula ngezenzo zakhe, nakho nokuzinikela kwabanye. Kepha ukusola okususelwa ekuboneni ngaso sonke isikhathi kubonakala njengethafa elingenakugwenywa endleleni yakhe yokomoya.
Ekugcineni, ukuthi ukuhlupheka okungokwenkolo kunqotshwa ngu-Unamuno uqobo kusihlwa kwezinsuku zakhe yi-annosticism enengqondo esikhundleni sendawo ephelele. Kuleli qophelo, insindiso izotholakala kulabo abafisa ukufinyelela kuNkulunkulu. Ngalesi sizathu - ngaphandle kokungabaza okuqinisekisiwe - ukuqagela kweBhayibheli (noma ngabe kuqondile, okubhaliwe noma okungaqondile) kusebenza kakhulu emsebenzini.
Umbuzo wokuthi ungubani?
Amagama akhethwe ngu-Unamuno ku UDon Manuel Bueno, umfel 'ukholo kuchaza izindima zomlingiswa ngamunye embhalweni. U-Angela - Ingelosi yisithunywa. UDon Manuel - Emmanuel, umsindisi. ULazaru, kubhekiselwa kuye ngendlela efanayo nomuntu waseBhayibhelini (oshiya ubuhlakani bakhe ukuze azitike ngempilo yenkolo). Ngisho namathafa edolobha, ichibi kanye negquma sekumuntu uqobo, banomphefumulo.
Ukucaphuna kukaMiguel de Unamuno.
UDon Manuel uhlala ecwile enkingeni engapheli yobunikazi, okungaphakathi okuphikisana nobuntu bomphakathi obakhelwe abanye. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yompristi, amakholwa anomuzwa wokuthi asikho nesisodwa isizathu sokuntengantenga okholweni. Abathembekile abangabazi ukuthi basendleleni efanele. Banesiqiniseko sokuthi basindisiwe.
USanta Manuel Bueno, umfel 'ukholo: ubuciko obuyingcweti kuwo wonke umqondo wenkulumo
Ithuba lokungcweliswa liba yimoto eya ekufeni kukaDon Manuel. Ngokulandelana, izenzo zomlingiswa oyinhloko zithola ukuqondana okuphakade njengoba kufakwe othandweni olungenamibandela. Ukuzidela okuncane nokuzidela kuqhathaniswa nomphumela obaluleke ngempela: ukuthula kwabahlali bendawo.
Ngakho-ke, Ubuhlakani buka-Unamuno buyabonakala lapho eveza ngendlela ephikisayo ukuphikisana okukhulu komuntu. Ngendlela evuna ingokomoya njengenye yezimbazo eziyisisekelo zempucuko nenqubekela phambili. Kuyinto engabazekayo njengengxenye ebalulekile yokukhula ngokomoya kanye nengokomoya njengengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesintu sanamuhla.