Umzila ongapheli

Umzila ongapheli yinoveli yomlando ebhalwe nguJosé Calvo Poyato. Lo mbhalo ulandisa izehlakalo ezihlobene nomjikelezo wokuqala uhambo lomhlaba ngobulukhuni obungajwayelekile futhi zihlonipha ngokucophelela izehlakalo ezibhalwe phansi. Ngoba bekuwuhambo lwengozi nolunamaqhuqhuva, oluqalwe nguFernando de Magallanes futhi lwaqedwa nguJuan Sebastián Elcano.

Indaba ihlukaniswe kabili. Kowokuqala, umfundi usiza noMagellan kuwo wonke amalungiselelo wokwenza umsebenzi. Inhloso yokuqala kwakuwukuthola enye indlela yokufinyelela eSpice Islands. Ingxenye yesibili, igxile ezenzakalweni zohambo eziqale ngabasebenzi bamadoda angama-239 abangena emikhunjini emihlanu, igcwaliswe ngomkhumbi owodwa nabasindile abangu-18.

Umbhali

UJosé Calvo Poyato ungomunye wezazi-mlando ezihlonishwa kakhulu zaseSpain namuhla. Emsebenzini wakhe uphikelela ekuqinisekiseni impumelelo yalabo bahloli bamazwe abasuka enhlonhlweni yase-Iberia. ekufuneni izindawo ezintsha. Laba ngabantu abadumile abaphendukisa iSpain yaba ngumshini wokunqoba amazwe angakaze abonwe (ngempucuko yaseYurophu) selokhu kwaphela ikhulu le-XNUMX.

Enye yezinto zakhe zokutadisha nguFernando de Magallanes ngqo. Ummeli wasePutukezi - ezizwa edelelwa ngabantu bakubo - waba yisizwe saseSpain. Lesi sihlanganisi samvumela ukuthi athuthukise enye yezenzo ezimangalisa kakhulu emlandweni wesintu.

Umsebenzi wezepolitiki

UCalvo wazalwa ngoJulayi 23, 1951 eCabra, umasipala weSifundazwe saseCórdoba, I-Andalusia. Kwaphela iminyaka eyishumi eyimeya kusuka kuleli dolobha, kanye nelungu loMkhandlu WesiFundazwe waseCórdoba kanye nelungu lePhalamende lase-Andalusi. Ngokunjalo, udadewabo uCarmen Calvo Poyato uyiPhini Likamongameli Wokuqala kaHulumeni oholwa nguPedro Sánchez.

UJosé Calvo Poyato ungudokotela emlandweni wanamuhla wase-University of Granada. Kusukela ngo-2005, ngokuqinisekile wasuka kwezepolitiki ukuze azinikele ngokuphelele emsebenzini wakhe njengombhali. Njengamanje ungumbhali wephephandaba u-ABC futhi uyilungu leRoyal Academy of Sciences, Fine Letters and Noble Arts yaseCórdoba. Futhi kuyingxenye ye-Andalusian Academy of History.

Izici zokushicilelwa kwakho

Ikhathalogi yayo yezincwadi yakhiwe ikakhulukazi ngama-biographies, ama-eseyi nokubuyekezwa komlando yemicimbi eyeqisayo kanye nezinhlamvu zeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia. Ngendlela efanayo, emisebenzini yakhe ukhombisa intshisekelo ekhethekile ngokwenzeka ngaphakathi e-Andalusia nasemadolobheni aseCórdoba.

Ukuqala kwakhe kulolu hlobo kwakungu Inkosi ethakathiwe (1995), izinkanyezi uKing Carlos II. Ubani, ekugcineni, owayezoba yingxenye yomlando osemthethweni njengelungu lokugcina loBukhosi base-Austria eSpain. Ukufa kwakhe okwakukhanyisa ukuxuba kweMpi Yokulandelana.

Umzila ongapheli

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Umzila ongapheli

Itilosi elinokuziqhenya okulimele

Maphakathi nawo-1510, UFernando de Magallanes wazizwa engabukelwa phansi ababusi bombuso wakhe. Yebo, wayekholelwa ukuthi wayenokufaneleka okukhulu njengetilosi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphathi wamasosha wayelangazelela uhambo olusha futhi ezimisele ngokuhlola umhlaba ongaziwa osanda "kutholwa" nguColumbus. Ngemuva kwalokho, waphendukela kwizimbangi ezinkulu zomqhele wakhe: umbuso waseCastile.

Ngaleso sikhathi, iSpain nePortugal babenesivumelwano ngokuya ngokuthi babelana kanjani ngomhlaba. Ngokukhethekile, imingcele phakathi kwezizinda zesinye nenye yasungulwa yiziqhingi zaseCape Verde. Okusho ukuthi, yonke indawo esentshonalanga yalesi siqhingi kwakuyindawo yaseSpain, kanti empumalanga kwakungeyaseLusitania.

Isiphakamiso

Ukunikezwa kukaMagellan ngoCarlos ngangizothola enye indlela (ngaseNtshonalanga) esuka eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia iye eziqhingini zezinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, lo mkhankaso uzovumela ukukhombisa ukuthi leli qoqo leziqhingi (laseMolucca, ngaphakathi kwe-Indonesia yanamuhla) lalise "hlangothi lomhlaba waseSpain".

Ukuzulazula phakathi kwezepolitiki

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba uMagellan aqale ukuhamba ngomkhumbi, kwakudingeka aqonde izehlakalo eziningi ezinzima. Ngokuqondile, bebeyizingxoxo eziyindida zeminyaka emihlanu — ezinye zazo ziyihlazo ngempela— ezixoxwa nguCalvo Poyato ngokucophelela engxenyeni yokuqala yencwadi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sichasiso kuvumela umfundi ukuthi azi ukusebenza komphakathi waseSpain ekuqaleni kwesikhathi se-Renaissance. Ngokufanayo, umbhali wembula amaqiniso amaningi "ayimfihlo" ngeSeville. Ngoba, ngaleso sikhathi, idolobha laseAndalusiya laba yisizinda sezomnotho embusweni ngemuva kokutholakala kweWest Indies.

Olwandle

Ngemuva kwezimpi ezinzima zepolitiki, kanye nozungu lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle, IMagallanes yakwazi ukuhamba ngomkhumbi isuka eSeville ngo-Agasti 10, 1519. Umzila wakhe: okokuqala, uya e-Atlantic; bese-ke, sibheke olwandle oluseningizimu (namuhla olwaziwa njengePacific Ocean, sibonga ngqo kulolu hambo).

Umkhuzi wamasosha wayala iqembu elenziwe ngemikhumbi emihlanu: iTrinidad (ukaputeni wakhe), iSan Antonio, iConcepción, iVictoria neSantiago. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, Ubungcweti bombhali bokukhulisa indaba elusizo kuyazwakala. Umbhali ukwazile ukubamba ngendlela esabekayo ubunzima abhekene nabo abalingiswa nokuthi baqina kanjani futhi baqine kangakanani.

Izithiyo zokuqala

Izinyanga ezimbalwa kudlule i-Atlantic Ocean, lapho kwaqala khona izingxabano zangaphakathi kanye namaqembu amanye amalungu eqembu labavukeli. Ngokulandelana, UMagellan waphoqeleka ukuthi akhombise "uhlangothi olumnyama" ukuze aphathe. Ngokwengeziwe, isimo sezulu esibi saseningizimu senza isimo salohambo saba sibi kakhulu.

ESouth Seas

Olwandle iPacific, kude nokuthola ukuthula, abasebenzi baphelelwa ukudla baqala ukulamba ... ukuphelelwa yithemba kwakungabambeki. Kepha uMagellan wagcina eyitholile indlela eyayibekwe ekuqaleni nguColumbus: iziqhingi zasePhilippines.

Ngale ndlela, umphathi wezempi wakhombisa ukuthi abakwaMolucca "babesohlangothini lwaseSpain." Kodwa-ke, uFernando de Magallanes akakwazanga "ukukufakazela" mathupha, ngoba washona ngaphambi kokufika eziqhingini zohlobo. Ngalesi sizathu, uJuan Sebastián Elcano uthathe umyalo wohambo olwehlile.

Kuyiqiniso ngomlando

Ingxenye yokugcina yendaba ichaza izehlakalo ezazisemkhunjini iVictoria, okuwukuphela komkhumbi ophelele onengxenye ophothule umzila ongenamkhawulo. Ngaphezu kwendlala nesithukuthezi ngemuva kokuhamba isikhathi eside, abasebenzi kwakudingeka bahlale beqaphile. Kwakungamangalisi, ngoba indlela ebuyela emuva idlula ogwini lwase-Afrika (ngaphansi kolawulo lwamaPutukezi).

I-Análisis

NgoSepthemba 6, 1522, u-Elcano namanye amadoda angu-17 bafika eSeville. Ngamazwi kaJosé Calvo Poyato, le feat ayizange inikezwe ukubaluleka okufanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ongqondongqondo wase-Andalusi uveza ukuthi, uma lolu hambo lwehlulekile, uzokhunjulwa kakhulu eSpain. Noma kunjalo, Umzila ongapheli unelungelo lokuhlenga isahluko esimangalisa ngempela emlandweni wesintu.

Yize le ndaba ithakazelisa kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni, ubumbano lwezepolitiki lwengxenye yokuqala yencwadi lukhulu kancane. Ngakho-ke, lesi sigaba sombhalo (emhlabathini owomile) sigqoka kancane abafundi nombhali uqobo. Ekugcineni, lapho abalingiswa bakhe besolwandle, uCalvo Poyato ubonakala esejahe ukuphothula uhambo. Noma kunjalo, kufundwa okuhle kakhulu.