UDostoyevsky

UFyodor Dostoyevsky (1821 - 1881) wayengumlobi wamanoveli waseRussia ukujula kwakhe ngokwengqondo okwamenza - mhlawumbe - umbhali onethonya elikhulu eqanjiwe lekhulu lama-XNUMX. Wayengumbhali wezindaba ezimfishane owaziwayo, umhleli, nentatheli, ekwazi ukushintsha izithunzi ezimnyama kakhulu zenhliziyo yomuntu ngezikhathi ezingezona eziqhathaniswayo.

Imibono yakhe imake ngokujulile ukunyakaza kwesimanjemanje, ubukhona obukhona, imfundiso yenkolo nokugxekwa kwemibhalo, kanye nezikole eziningi zengqondo. Ngokunjalo, umsebenzi wakhe uthathwa njengowesiprofetho ngenxa yokunemba abikezela ngakho ukukhuphuka kwamavukelambuso aseRussia.

Ukukhuphuka komunye wababhali abakhulu besikhathi sonke

Imicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni kaDostoyevsky - ukubulawa okushintshiwe, ukudingiselwa eSiberia kanye neziqephu zesifo sokuwa - yaziwa futhi njengemisebenzi yakhe.. Eqinisweni, wasizakala ngezehlakalo eziningi ezimangazayo empilweni yakhe ukwengeza ubunzima obedlulele kubalingiswa bakhe.

Umongo womsebenzi wakho

Ngokusho kukaGary Saul Molson (I-Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020) imicimbi eminingi ezungeze umbhali waseRussia isalokhu ingacaci. Ngokuphambene nalokho, okunye ukuqagela okungabalulekile kwamukelwa njengamaqiniso athembekile okukhona kwawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uDostoyevsky wayehlukile kwabanye ababhali baseRussia (njengoTolstoy noma uTurgenev) ngokomongo womsebenzi wakhe ngezindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile.

Okokuqala, uhlala esebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela ezikweletini eziningi ezitholwe ngenxa yokugembula kwakhe nezinkinga zomndeni.. Okwesibili, uDostoyevsky wahlukana nencazelo ejwayelekile yemindeni enhle futhi ezinzile; esikhundleni salokho, waveza amaqembu adabukisayo azungezwe izingozi. Ngokunjalo, uDostoyevsky wahlaziya izingqinamba - ezazinempikiswano ngaleso sikhathi - njengokungalingani emphakathini kanye nendima yabesifazane emphakathini waseRussia.

Umndeni, ukuzalwa nobuntwana

UFyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky wazalelwa eMoscow, eRussia, ngoNovemba 11, 1821 (Okthoba 30 ekhalendeni likaJulius). Wayengowesibili ezinganeni eziyisikhombisa phakathi kukaMikhail Dostoyevsky (isicukuthwane saseDarayóve), ongowokuzalwa eBelarus, noMaria Fiódorovna, owesifazane othuthukile ovela emndenini wabathengisi baseRussia. Isimo sobaba sobushiqela - udokotela esibhedlela saseMoscow sabampofu - sashayisana kakhulu nobumnandi nemfudumalo kamama ovumayo.

Ubusha

Kuze kube ngo-1833, uFyodor osemusha wayefundiswe ekhaya. Ngo-1834, yena nomfowabo uMikhail bangena eChermak boarding school for secondary school. Umama wakhe wabulawa yisifo sofuba ngo-1837. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ubaba wakhe wabulawa yizinceku zakhe (kamuva uDostoyevsky wamemezela) ngokuphindisela ukuziphatha kwakhe kobushiqela. Umcimbi onezici eziningi zezinganekwane ngokukhanya kwezinye izazi-mlando.

Ukuqeqeshwa enqabeni ye-Military Academy

Ngaleso sikhathi, abazalwane bakaDostoyevsky base bevele bengabafundi eSt.Petersburg Military Academy for Engineers., elandela indlela elandelwa nguyise. Ngokusobala, uFyodor wazizwa engakhululekile kakhulu phakathi nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe okuphezulu. Ngokuxakaniseka komfowabo - owayengumngani wakhe omkhulu - waqala ukungena kwezothando kwezemibhalo nakwinganekwane yamaGothic.

Naphezu kokugqama kwakhe kwemibhalo, uDostoyevsky wayengenankinga ngezifundo zezinombolo ngenkathi eqeqeshwa. Kwakungekho futhi nezingqinamba ekutholeni umsebenzi uma esephothulile; uthole isikhundla eMnyangweni Wezobunjiniyela Bezempi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba indodakazi yakhe u-Aimée Dostoyevsky (1922) asho, ngaphandle kwengcindezi kababa owayemhlukumeza, uFyodor owayeneminyaka engamashumi amabili wayekhululekile ukusebenzisa ubizo lwakhe.

Amathonya

Ithonya lembongi yaseJalimane uFriedrich Schiller liyabonakala emibhalweni yakhe yokuqala (ayigcinwanga), UMaria stuart y Boris Gudunov. Futhi, kulezo zinyathelo zokuqala, UDostoyevsky wayenombono wababhali abanjengoSir Walter Scott, Ann Radcliffe, Nikolay Karamzim, no-Aleksandr Pushkin. Vele, ukuvakasha kukaHonoré Balzac eSaint Petersburg ngo-1844 kwakungumcimbi omkhulu, ngenhlonipho yakhe, wahumusha I-Eugenia Grandet.

Izincwadi zokuqala zemibhalo

Ngawo lowo nyaka washiya umbutho wezempi ukuze azinikele ngokubhala kuphela. Eminyakeni engu-24 ubudala, uDostoyevsky wanyathela umkhakha wezincwadi waseRussia ngenoveli yakhe epistolary Abantu abampofu (1845). Kulolu shicilelo, umbhali waseMoscow wakwenza kwacaca ukucabanga kwakhe kwezenhlalo nesitayela sangempela. Waze wathola ukunconywa ngumgxeki owaziwayo wezincwadi uBelinsky, owamethula emkhakheni wezemfundo nohloniphekile waseSt.

Ukuphazamiseka kukaDostoyevsky kwaveza inzondo kwabanye ababhali abasebasha baseRussia (abanjengoTurgenev, ngokwesibonelo). Ngalesi sizathu, ozongena esikhundleni sakhe uyasebenza -Iphindwe kabili (1846), Ubusuku obumhlophe (1848) futhi UNiétochka Nezvánova (1849) - uthole izibuyekezo ezimbalwa ezingezinhle. Lesi simo samphazamisa kakhulu; ingxenye yendlela asabela ngayo ekucindezelekeni kwaba ukujoyina amaqembu emibono yabakhulu nabakhulu, ababizwa ngokuthi ama-nihilists.

Usizi njengophethiloli

Iziqephu zesifo sokuwa

UDostoyevsky waquleka okokuqala eneminyaka engu-XNUMX. Zizoba iziqephu ezivamile ngezikhathi zonke zokuphila kwakhe. Kodwa-ke, iningi lababhali bama-biographer liqondana ngokukhomba ukushona kukababa njengesigameko esibuhlungu esithombeni sakhe somtholampilo. Umbhali waseRussia ubucasulile ubulukhuni balokhu okwenzekile ukucacisa abalingiswa bakhe bePrince Myshkin (Isilima, 1869) noSmerdiákov (Abazalwane bakaKaramazov, 1879).

eSiberia

Ngo 1849, UFyodor Dostoyevsky waboshwa yiziphathimandla zaseRussia. Wayesolwa ngokuba yingxenye yetulo likaPetrachevsky, inhlangano yezepolitiki emelene noTsar Nicholas I. Bonke ababandakanyekayo bagwetshwa intambo, ngezigwebo ezashintshwa - ngokoqobo - phambi kodonga. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, uDostoyevsky wadingiselwa eSiberia ukuyokwenza umsebenzi ophoqelelwe iminyaka emihlanu emide, ebucayi nenonya.

Ngokusho kuka-Aimée Dostoyevsky, ubaba wakhe "wamemezela ngasizathu simbe ukuthi ababoshiwe babengothisha bakhe." Kancane kancane uDostoyevsky wasebenzisa amathalente akhe ekusebenzeleni ubukhulu baseRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayezibheka njengomfundi kaKristu nomphikisi oqinile wokukhohlisa. Ngakho-ke, uDostoyevsky wayengeke esafuna ukwamukelwa yiYurophu yonke (yize ayengayideleli), kunalokho wakhulisa ifa lezwe lamaSlavic-Mongol.

Umshado wokuqala

UDostoyevsky usebenzise ingxenye yesibili yesigwebo sakhe eKazakhstan njengeyimfihlo. Lapho, waqala ubudlelwano noMariya Dmítrievna Isáyeva; ngo-1857 babeshadile. Kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho, ushwele owanikezwa nguTsar Alexander II wabuyisa isihloko sakhe sobukhosi, ngenxa yalokho, wakwazi ukuphinda ashicilele imisebenzi yakhe. Abokuqala ukuvela Umfula uyaphupha y IStenpánchikovo nezakhamuzi zakhona (kokubili kusuka ngo-1859).

Ubudlelwano phakathi kukaDostoyevsky nomkakhe wokuqala kwakunesiphepho ukusho okuncane. Wayezonda iTver, idolobha ababehlala kulo cishe unyaka wabo wesithathu nowesine beshadile. Ngenkathi esejwayele izicukuthwane zesifunda, yena - ngokuziphindiselela - waqala ukuthandana nensizwa yezincwadi. Ekugcineni, uMariya wavuma konke kumyeni wakhe (kufaka phakathi nokugqugquzela kwakhe ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo), wamlulaza phakathi ephathini.

Ukugembula nezikweletu

Ngo-1861, uFyodor Dostoyevsky wasungula lo magazini I-Vremya (Isikhathi) nomfowabo omdala uMikhail, ngemuva nje kokuba bemvumele ukuthi abuyele eSaint Petersburg. Lapho washicilela Abathobekile naboniwe (1861) futhi Izinkumbulo zendlu yabangasekho (1862), ngezimpikiswano ezisuselwa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe eSiberia. Ngonyaka olandelayo wenza uhambo lokuya eYurophu ngeGerman, France, England, Switzerland, Italy nase-Austria.

Phakathi nohambo lwakhe, uDostoyevsky wayengwa ngumdlalo omusha wenhlanhla owavela kumakhasino aseParis: i-roulette. Ngenxa yalokho, wabuyela eMoscow ekwindla ka-1863 eqothukile ngokuphelele. Ukwengeza ukuhlambalaza ukulimala, I-Vremya kwavinjelwa ngenxa yendatshana emayelana nokuvukela kwePoland. Yize, ngonyaka olandelayo washicilela Izinkumbulo ezingaphansi komhlaba emagazini I-Epoja (Inkathi), umagazini omusha lapho asebenza khona njengomhleli noMikhail.

Amashwa alandelanayo

Kepha ishwa laphinde lamthwalisa kanzima, njengoba aba umfelwa ngasekupheleni kuka-1864 futhi ngemuva nje kokushona komfowabo omdala, uMikhail. Ngakho-ke, wawela ekucindezelekeni okujulile futhi nakakhulu emdlalweni, eqoqa izikweletu eziningi (ngaphandle kwama-ruble angu-25.000, athathwa ngenxa yokufa kukaMikhail). Ngakho-ke uDostoyevsky wanquma ukubalekela phesheya, lapho isondo le-roulette lamphinda futhi.

Ukwakhiwa kwemibhalo ngaphansi kwengcindezi

Ukugembula kukaDostoyevsky (kanye ne-naivety) kwabangela ukuthi ababolekisi bamlandele kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Ubuyele eSaint Petersburg ngo-1865 ukuyoshicilela omunye wemisebenzi yakhe owaziwa kakhulu, Ubugebengu nokujeziswa. Emzameni wokukhokha ama-akhawunti akhe, wasayina inkontileka nomshicileli uStellovski ngo-1866. Ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezintathu abekwa ngqo ezandleni zababakweletayo.

Umshado wesibili

Inkontileka yokushicilela yafaka engcupheni amalungelo emisebenzi yayo uma ibambezela ukulethwa kwoveli ngawo lowo nyaka. NgoFebhuwari 12, 1867, washada no-Anna Grigórievna Snítkina, oneminyaka engu-25 emncane. Wayengu-stenographer onomdlandla oqashelwe ukubizela Umdlali (1866) ngezinsuku ezingama-26 kuphela. Esikhathini seholide labo langemva komshado (kanye nokubalekela ababolekisi), laba abasanda kushada bahlala eGeneva, eSwitzerland.

Ngenxa yalolo nyunyana, uSonia wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 1868; okubuhlungu ukuthi ingane ishone isinezinyanga ezintathu. UDostoyevsky waphinde waba yisisulu somdlalo futhi wanquma ukuhamba nomkakhe ohambweni olufushane lwase-Italy. Ngo-1869 bathuthela eDresden, idolobha lendodakazi yabo yesibili, uLiuvob. Ngalowo nyaka futhi kwethulwe i- IsilimaKodwa-ke, imali eningi eqoqwe yi-hit novel yahamba ukukhokha izikweletu.

Iminyaka edlule

Ngawo-1870s, uDostoyevsky washicilela inani elikhulu kakhulu lemisebenzi eyamqinisekisa njengomunye wabalobi abakhulu bomlando. Hhayi kuphela eRussia, kodwa evela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ezinye iziza nabalingiswa abathuthukisiwe bakhuthazwe yimicimbi yomlando womuntu kanye nemicimbi yezepolitiki eyazamazamisa iRussia.

Ngaphandle Umyeni waphakade (1870), ezinye izincwadi zabhalwa futhi zashicilelwa ngemuva kokubuyela kukaDostoyevsky eSaint Petersburg ngo-1871. Lapho, kwazalwa indodana yakhe yesithathu, uFyodor. Yize iminyaka elandelayo yayinokuthula kwezomnotho okulinganiselwe, izinkinga zesifo sokuwa zikaFyodor M. zaba zimbi kakhulu. Ukushona kwendodana yakhe yesine, u-Aleksei (1875 - 1878) kwaphinde kwathinta isithombe sezinzwa zombhali waseRussia.

Izincwadi zakamuva zikaFyodor Dostoyevsky

• Abakhwelwe ngamademoni. Inoveli (1872).
• Isakhamuzi. Masonto onke (1873 - 1874).
• Idayari yombhali. Umagazini (1873 - 1877).
• Osemusha. Inoveli (1874).
• Abazalwane baseKarámazov. Inoveli - ubengagcwalisa ingxenye yokuqala kuphela - (1880).

Ifa

UFyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky washona esemzini wakhe eSaint Petersburg ngoFebhuwari 9, 1881, ngenxa yesifo samaphaphu esasibangelwa isifo sokuwa. Umngcwabo wakhe ubuhanjelwe ngosaziwayo kanye nosopolitiki abavela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kanye nabantu abadumile baseRussia ababebhala ngaleso sikhathi. Ngisho - kamuva wachaza umfelokazi wakhe, u-Anna Grigorievna Dostoyevsky - lo mkhosi wahlanganisa inqwaba yama-nihilists amancane.

Ngale ndlela, ngisho nabaphikisi bakhe abanemibono bahlonipha ubuhlakani baseRussia. Akumangalisi ukuthi uDostoyevsky wakwazi ukuthonya inani elikhulu lefilosofi, ososayensi noma ababhali bokudlula kukaFriedrich Nietzsche, uSigmund Freud, uFranz Kafka noStefan Zweig, phakathi kwabanye. Umsebenzi wakhe ungowabantu bonke, nefa elilingana nelikaCervantes, uDante, uShakespeare noma uVíctor Hugo.