Ukuba usizo kokungenamsebenzi

Ukuba usizo kokungenamsebenzi. Khombisa, iyincwadi kaProfesa nesazi sefilosofi sase-Italy uNuccio Ordine. Yahunyushelwa olimini lwesiSpanish nguJordi Bayod futhi yashicilelwa yindlu yokushicilela yase-Acantilado ngo-2013. Ikhuluma ngokugxile ukwehliswa kwezifundo zobuntu emfundweni yezenhlalo. Yebo, ngombono wombhali waseCalabrian, ukuguqulwa kwemfundo nezifundo zobuchwepheshe kubekwa eqhulwini ukuze kuvunyelwe imisebenzi "enenzuzo".

Abahlaziyi bezincwadi ezifana noMiguel Guerra (2013) abavela eNyuvesi yaseZaragoza babe nokugcizelela ekusekeleni izindlela ezihlanganiswe Ukuba usizo kokungenamsebenzi. UGuerra uzwakalisa, "... ngokusebenzisa noma imaphi amakhasi ayo uzothola i-anecdote, ukucaphuna, umbono oqinisekisa isidingo sokusabalalisa le ncwadi." Umsebenzi ka-Ordine uveza izakhiwo okusebenza kwazo kubonakala kuqinisekiswa usuku nosuku.

Mayelana nomlobi, uNuccio Ordine

UNuccio Ordine wazalelwa eDiamante, eCalabria, ngoJulayi 18, 1958. Ubhekwa njengegunya ku-Renaissance nangezindaba zamanje zeGiordano Bruno. Njengamanje ufundisa Izincwadi Zase-Italy e-University of Calabria. Ubuye futhi abe yilungu elihloniphekile le-Centre for Italian Renaissance Studies eHarvard University kanye nase-Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung.

Ngokunjalo, u-Ordine uyingxenye yabasebenzi abahlanganisiwe emayunivesithi amaningi aseMelika (Yale, New York) naseYurophu (EHESS, e-École Normale Supérieure Paris)., University Institute of Paris, phakathi kwabanye). Imisebenzi yakhe ihunyushelwe ezilimini ezingaphezu kwezingu-15. Ungumbhali wekholamu we ICorriere de la Sera kanye nomqondisi wamaqoqo ahlonishwayo o-Renaissance eNaples, eTurin naseMilan.

Ukungena kumongo, ucezu lomsebenzi

"Emhlabeni wonke we-utilitarianism, empeleni, isando sibaluleke ngaphezu kwesihlabelelo somculo, ummese ngaphezu kwezinkondlo, ukudonsa okungaphezu komdwebo: ngoba kulula ukuthatha ukusebenza kwesitsha ngenkathi kuba nzima ukuqonda ukuthi umculo, izincwadi noma ubuciko bungasetshenziselwa ini.

«Amakhasi alandelayo awenzi ukuzenzisa kokwenza umbhalo ophilayo. Zibonisa ukwahlukana okubakhuthazile. Ngalesi sizathu futhi isihlokwana esithi —Manifesto— singabonakala singahlukani futhi sinesifiso esikhulu ukube besingathethelelwa ngumoya wobudlova obulokhu uveza lo msebenzi ”.

Isakhiwo somsebenzi

Zisuka nje, umbhali uveza izisusa zakhe ngokubhala i-eseyi, encike emoyeni wakhe wobudlova. Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Ordine ucacisa ukuthi umbono wakhe bekungafanele unabise ngokubhalwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ngakho-ke, indaba yakhe ayiyona inhloso futhi ayiphelele. Usebenzisa ama-analogies athathwe emibhalweni evela ezikhathini ezahlukahlukene ezethulwe ngokulandelana kwezikhathi ukuze athethelele impikiswano yakhe Ukuba usizo kokungenamsebenzi.

Izahluko ezintathu

Incwadi ihlukaniswe ngezahluko ezintathu:

• Owokuqala ungena ezinzuzweni zemibhalo nobunye ubuciko "obungenamsebenzi".
• Okwesibili kunikezelwe ekuguqulweni okuhle okuqhutshwa yinzuzo yenzuzo ekufundiseni, ocwaningweni nakwamasiko.
• Isahluko sesithathu sidiliza imiphumela eyingozi ye- "inkohliso" yokuba nefa ku- honitas homalis. Njengokuvala (okuphelele), kudalulwa i-eseyi ka-Abraham Flexner.

Ubuntu ngekhulu lama-XNUMX

Esethulweni se- Ukuba usizo kokungenamsebenzi, imininingwane yezobuntaliyane yase-Italy icebo elibaluleke kakhulu lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo emfundweni yamanje. Kulesi simo, izinhlelo zemfundo nezabelomali zongqongqoshe kuhlelwa ngokunganakwa okusobala kobuntu. Hhayi-ke, yizindawo zamahhala nezisuselwe kokunye, ezihlukaniswe "nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo" futhi zinenzuzo.

Ngokuphambene, ulwazi lwesintu ludlulela ngalé kokuhlakulela umoya. Ngenxa yemvelo yabo yokuzidela, lokhu kubalulekile ekuguqukeni kwempucuko kanye nentuthuko yamasiko esintu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Ordine uvikela ukuthi uhlamvu lwemfundo ehlanganisiwe alunakubandlululwa ngokubeka ulwazi olubhekiswe kuzinjongo ezingezona ezokusetshenziswa kanye / noma ezentengiselwano.

Ububele nokusebenzisa ingqondo

I-Ordine ayifuni ukukhombisa ubuntu ngaphezu kwalo lonke olunye ulwazi. Esikhundleni salokho, ichaza ukubaluleka kwangaphakathi kwesayensi, izifundo zobuchwepheshe, nokuncintisana. Kodwa-ke, ugcizelela ukuthi ngisho nemikhakha esebenzayo inenani elengeziwe, elihluke kakhulu kulelo le-mercantilist. Ngakho-ke, zonke izindawo zokwakheka komuntu zingabhekiswa ngasikhathi sinye ekucabangeni okubucayi nobubele; akuzona okukhethekile.

Ukuba yize kwezincwadi

Ngokusho kukaWilson Enrique Genao ku Incwajana Yase-University Pedagogy (2015), umbhali uthatha imidwebo eyahlukene "yabefundisi abanjengoVincenzo Padula" ukuvikela ithisisi yakho. Uyanezela “izimbongi nababhali abanjengo-Ovid, Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Dickens, García Lorca, Márquez. Nezazi zefilosofi ezinjengoSocrates, uPlato, u-Aristotle, uKant, uMichel Montaigne, uMartin Heidegger noPaul Ricoeur… ”.

Ngale ndlela, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokufunda izingcweti ezinkulu zezincwadi ngaphandle kokugxila ekutholeni noma iyiphi inzuzo noma imfundo ethile. U-Ordine uthi injongo eyinhloko yalokhu kufundwa kwefilosofi ukudlala. Kodwa-ke, umnikelo maqondana nokwaziswa kwabantu nokucabanga okujulile akunakuphikwa, okuvame ukumela okunzima kakhulu ukukuchaza.

Isisa vs. ukusetshenziswa

Ebhekene ne-archetype ye-utilitarianism nemfundiso ye-basicist ye-mercantilist, u-Ordine unikeza inani lenkohliso, izinhloso kanye neqembu. Isisa siphikisana nomqondo kaHeiddiengger womuntu, okuthi, ekhungathekiswa yimpilo yansuku zonke, ahole impilo engenambala. Lokho ukusho - ngaphandle kokuhlasela ngqo ubungxiwankulu - umbhali ukhomba ohlelweni lwezemfundo olwakha imishini ngaphandle komphefumulo.

Umuntu ongenaso isikhathi sokucabanga "ngezinto ezingenamsebenzi" uyisiboshwa sezidingo zakhe eziyisisekelo, umuntu ongenakho ukuphila okujabulisayo. Isazi sefilosofi sedayimane siphetha isahluko sokuqala ngokukhombisa iqhaza elibalulekile labantu ekwakheni izakhamizi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, ezisebenza kahle nezinenhlalo.

Iyunivesithi-inkampani kanye namakhasimende abafundi

Isahluko sesibili sigxile kokuyindida okusavusa ikhwalithi yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye "yobuciko ngenxa yobuciko" emphakathini wanamuhla. Ngenxa yalokho, sekube nzima kakhulu ukunqoba umkhuba wezinguquko ezibonakala zingenakumiswa zamanyuvesi zibe yizinkampani. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abafundi ngokungananazi bathatha indima yamakhasimende ekhuthazwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngekusasa elichuma ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ngakho-ke, "uma iklayenti lihlale lilungile", ikhwalithi yokufundisa iveza ubandlululo lokuthola iziqu ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Lesi simo futhi sidonsa ubuhlakani, siphenduke abaphathi abasebenzayo bamagiya wokuhweba wenkampani yasenyuvesi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Ordine ikubona kubalulekile ukwakha kabusha uhlelo lwenyuvesi olubhekiswe cishe ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni "abasebenzi abanenzuzo."

Futhi ubuciko?

U-Laura Luque Rodrigo wase-University of Jaén, udiliza incazelo yomqondo kaBaudelaire ocashunwe ngu-Ordine: “indoda ewusizo iyethusa”. Encwadini yakhe (2014) ka Ububi ObubiULuque uyabuza: “Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele sibalekele ukusetshenziswa? Ngabe ubuciko ngokwencazelo kufanele bube yize yini ukuze buhle? ”.

U-Luque uthi “… kuwo wonke umlando, (ubuciko) bebunemisebenzi eyahlukahlukene, kungaba yikhathekiniki, ukukhazimulisa, ezombusazwe, ubuhle bobuciko, njalonjalo. Ekugcineni, yonke indalo inomsebenzi, nakuba umphumela, into yokugcina, ayinayo isithakazelo kumdali njengoba kwenzeka ku-Aureliano Buendía, inzuzo yakhe yokugcina kwakuyisipiliyoni, ngakho-ke, uma siyifuna, sizokwenza. njalo thola ukusebenza kuyo yonke indalo.”

Ubuciko namasiko ngezikhathi zobunzima

UNuccio Ordine usebenzisa amabinzana avela kuHenry Newman noVictor Hugo ukuthola ukuthi kuncishiswa isabelomali ezifundweni zobuntu ezinhlelweni zemfundo. Kuze kugcizelelwe ukuphindwa kabili kwamaphothifoliyo enzelwe izinhlelo zamasiko nezobuciko ezimeni ezingezinhle. Ngokunjalo, umbhali akacabangi ngokuqagela kokufundisa uma kuhlelwe kungenayo imidanti emikhulu.

Umnikazi ubulala: Dignitas hominis, Uthando, Iqiniso

Engxenyeni yesithathu ye- Ukuba usizo kokungenamsebenzi, U-Ordine uxoxa ngamathemba wamanga atholakale engcebweni nasemandleni. Imele isikhundla sokweyisa sefilosofi wase-Italiya lapho ebhekene nesimo sengqondo sokukha phezulu salabo abazisa abanye ngokususelwa ezingutsheni. Ngokufanayo, isazi sefilosofi sase-Italiya sihlaziya ingqikithi yothando nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu obulawulwa yinto enganqobeki yempahla.

Ngaphakathi kwesilinganiso se- i-honitas hominis, uthando neqiniso kuyinsimu ehlongozwayo yokubonisa ukungabi nabugovu bangempela. Ngakho-ke, kumbandela we-Ordine akunakwenzeka ukwazisa i- honitas hominis ngaphansi kwemingcele evamile yomphakathi wanamuhla. Iqukethe ukuphikisana okukhulu kakhulu okuzama ukuveza ukungabi nandaba phakathi "kwempucuko" engakwazi ukwephula isikhunta sezinto ezibonakalayo kusuka ekufundiseni kwayo.

Isiphetho nendatshana ka-Abraham Flexner njengesijobelelo

Ngokubambisana, imanifesto kaNuccio Ordine kanye nendatshana kaFlexner kumema umfundi ukuthi akhombise unomphela njengendlela yokwazisa isithunzi sabo. Isimo esifinyeleleka kuphela ngemfundo egxile ekuqeqeshweni okuphelele, ngaphandle kokuchema noma ukunciphisa isabelomali okubangelwe yisizathu sezikhathi zenhlekelele. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubuyekeze kulokhu mayelana nokuthola impendulo eyanele kule minyaka yethu yedijithali.

Ekugcineni, uFlexner unxusa ukuvimbela ilukuluku lemvelo labantu ngenhloso yokukhuthaza "ukuseshwa kwamahhala kolwazi olungenamsebenzi". Ngoba kubalulekile? Ngoba esikhathini esedlule ubuntu sebuvele bukhombisile imiphumela ebalulekile yenkululeko yokudala yomuntu. Uma into okuthiwa ingenamsebenzi ingenabungozi, yini iphuzu lokuyiphatha njengento eyingozi noma eyingozi?