Ngena empilweni nasemsebenzini wombhali owazalelwa eGranada UFederico Garcia Lorca Kuyisimanga sangempela, ngoba okuthile okusha kutholakala njalo. Namuhla size ukwenza lokho kanye: ukuhlola, ukujula kancane ungene komunye wemisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu. Sihlaziya kafushane umsebenzi "Uthando lwamaGypsy" kusuka ku-FG Lorca, uzohlala nathi?
"Uthando lwamaGypsy"
Umsebenzi wezinkondlo "Uthando lwamaGypsy" kwabhalwa futhi enyatheliswa imbongi uFederico García Lorca ku ngonyaka we-1928 futhi kuyingqikithi yezothando ezingama-18, izingqikithi zazo zigxile emhlabeni wasenganekwaneni wama-gypsy, osebenza ngamatimu njengendawo yonke njengesiphetho esibuhlungu esihamba nathi sonke ngasikhathi sinye ezimpilweni zethu, ukukhungatheka kwezinto ezifiswayo kodwa ezingatholakali , icala lokuzizwa nokwenza izinto ezithile, njll.
Isisho esisankondlo kulo msebenzi sikhombisa ukuvumelanisa kwesizukulwane esidumile sika-'27, lapho izinqubo kanye nezisusa zomuntu siqu zahlanganiswa nezingathekiso ze-avant-garde, kufaka phakathi into engeyona into eyimbongi yaseGranada, efana neyabo izimpawu zendawo yonke ye-lorca.
Futhi uma ufuna ukufunda lo msebenzi omuhle kangaka kungekudala, sincoma ukuthi ungaqhubeki nokufunda okwamanje. Asifuni ukukuveza lutho kuwe! Buya lapha uma uqeda ukufunda. Kodwa-ke, uma usuyifundile futhi ufuna ukuqhubeka nokuyihlaziya nathi, qhubeka ufunde.
Ukufa kuka-Antoñito, el Camborio
Kulo msebenzi odumile, ama-gypsies athola ubukhulu bensumansumane: amele i- inkululeko yenkululeko Ukulwa nezinkambiso nokumiselwa okumisiwe. U-Lorca, ugxila kuzo zonke izimfanelo zobuntu eziphakeme kubo (izikhulu, amandla, njll.) Ukudlubulunda futhi ngaleyo ndlela babhekane ne isiphetho esibuhlungu lokho okubekelwe yena, lokho kusanqoba futhi kunqobe ngokufa okungenakugwemeka.
Kuleli qophelo, sizobona uhlamvu lwe- U-Antoñito, iCamborio njenge-archetype ye-gypsy purebred.
«Ukuthandana kwenhlawulo emnyama»
Kusukela ekuxabaneni phakathi kwesifiso senkululeko nokufa, kuvela ukukhungatheka okujulile okubizwa ngama-gypsies "Inhlawulo emnyama". Lokhu kuhlaziywa nokuchazwa komuzwa wama-gypsy "wenhlawulo emnyama" uzwakala encwadini yakhe nguSoledad Montoya othile, futhi singakuzwa ukuhlupheka kwakhe kula mavesi alandelayo esiwafaka ngezansi:
… _Soledad: geza umzimba wakho
ngamanzi we-lark,
bese ushiya inhliziyo yakho
ngokuthula, Soledad Montoya.
Ngezansi komfula kuyacula:
iflaya lezulu namaqabunga.
Ngezimbali zamathanga
ukukhanya okusha kuthweswe umqhele.
O amahloni kumaGypsies!
Inhlawulo ehlanzekile futhi uhlala yedwa.
O, usizi lomfula olufihliwe
nokuntwela kokusa!
Izingqikithi ama-Gypsy Ballads abhekana nazo
Ngaphandle kokuthi amaGypsy Ballads aziwa kakhulu ngokukhuluma ngesihloko esisetshenziswe kancane njengezwe lamaGypsy, iqiniso ukuthi Akuyona kuphela isihloko umbhali, UFederico García Lorca, uyakwenza. Eqinisweni, phakathi kwezothando ezingama-18 ezakha iRomancero singathola izihloko ezahlukahlukene okufanele zaziwe.
Okuyinhloko okuyiqiniso ukuthi ingcindezelo, ukuphathwa kabi kanye nempilo yama-gypsies, abantu abahlale besemaphethelweni omphakathi futhi behliswa futhi bafaneleke ngezichasiso ezimbi noma ezingezinhle ngendlela yabo yokuphila.
Ngalesi sizathu, uLorca usebenza ngezindikimba ezahlukahlukene ezinkondlweni zakhe, ebalandisa ngazo, njengeqiniso le- a ukulwa njalo negunya lengcindezelo, ukubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo, umphakathi wokuthengisa, njll. Konke lokhu kugxile ekunikezeni impilo nezwi emphakathini omncane owaziwayo futhi odicilelwe phansi njengama-gypsies. Iqiniso ngukuthi umbhali uqobo ukhuluma ngokuthi kunamagama amahle kanjani kwezobuciko angawesizwe samaGypsy.
Kodwa-ke, okunye okuvame ukuphawuleka bambalwa kakhulu ukuthi, ngaphezu kodaba lwama-gypsies, uLorca Wenza nendawo yabesifazane emsebenzini wakhe. Umlingiswa ommelayo kuleli cala nguSoledad Montoya, owaziwa nangokuthi «i-gypsy nun», futhi uyilokho okungachazwa ngokuthi «ungowesifazane wangempela» wabama-gypsies.
Vele, kuyo yonke imicimbi yezothando, kunezindikimba eziningi ezisemqoka, ezinjengothando, ukufa, umehluko ... Konke lokhu kubuswa ama-gypsies, kepha empeleni umbhali uyakwazi ukukunika eminye imiphakathi.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezothando: izingqikithi ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu
I-El Romancero Gitano ibingenye yezincwadi zikaLorca aqala ukuyibhala ngo-1924 futhi yashicilelwa ngo-1928. Singakhuluma ngayo njengenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yombhali, nolimi olusekelwe kakhulu ezingathekisweni, izimpawu nezindaba. Vele, kuyabonakala ukwenza isiko lamaGypsy nelase-Andalusia laziwe, ngaphandle kokuziba ezinye izindaba.
Lorca usebenza kuma-ballads akhe angama-gypsy alandela i- imihlahlandlela yama-ballads wendabuko, okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa izingxoxo ngaphandle kokwethula izenzo noma ukusho ukuthi ubani okhulumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indaba exoxwayo ayinaso isandulela, yinto eqala kungazelelwe futhi engadala i-aura yemfihlakalo ezungeze indaba. Ngakho-ke, lonke uthando lukaLorca lubonakala ngokusebenzisa amafomula ajwayelekile okulandisa, i-anaphora, ukuphindaphinda kanye nokufanekisa okuthandwa kakhulu yimbongi.
Njengoba sike sasho phambilini, yakhiwe yizothando ezingama-18. Kepha konke lokhu akuzungezi ngokuphelele ngomhlaba wama-gypsy, kepha izinhlobo ezimbili zothando zingatholakala zihlukaniswe yilokho uLorca ayefuna ukukutshela ngabo.
Ngakho-ke, une:
Ezothando 1 kuya ku-15
Lezi izi igxile ngqo kuma-gypsies. Kepha kuzo kukhona nezinye izihlokwana ezibalulekile njengokufa, abesifazane, njll. Eqinisweni, ezinhlanu zaleli qembu lezinkondlo zigxile kwabesifazane. Sikhuluma ngo: Precious nomoya; Ezothando zokulala, i-Gypsy Nun; indlu engathembekile; nokuthandana kwenhlawulo emnyama. Ngamunye wabo unikeza umbono wesihloko esifana nothando, uthando, ukukhungatheka noma usizi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kukhona nezinye izindaba zothando umlando wazo ongowama-gypsy ophela kabuhlungu, njengoKufa kuka-Antoñito el Camborio; Ukuxokozela; o Ukuthandana Kwezokuvikela Komphakathi waseSpain.
Ekugcineni, uzothola ezothando ezintathu umlobi azinikezele emadolobheni amathathu ase-Andalusia. Yilezi: IGranada (eneSan Miguel); USeville (noSan Gabriel); kanye neCórdoba (neSan Rafael).
Ezothando 16 kuya ku-18
Izothando ezintathu zokugcina zamaGypsy Ballads azihlobene kangako nama-gypsies, kepha kunalokho Bakhuluma nge izibalo zomlando. Isibonelo, leyo kaMartirio de Santa Olalla, ikhuluma ngeRoman Andalusia, futhi ikhuluma ngempilo kaSanta Eulalia de Mérida.
Ngokwakhe, u-Mock Don Pedro ogibele ihhashi, usibuyisela emuva eNkathini Ephakathi, lapho ikhuluma khona ngothando, ukungabi bikho kwayo, kanye nezimbangi ezikhohliwe.
Ekugcineni, uThamar no-Amnon bakhuluma ngendaba eseBhayibhelini kanye nothando lwezihlobo nothando lwabafowethu ababili.
Kungashiwo ukuthi, yize bekhuluma ngamatimu abonakale kwezothando lwangaphambilini, kwehluke kakhulu kulokho okwakuphathwa ngakho encwadini kaLorca Futhi kunjengokungathi ngibeka ukuthandana okuthathu, ngandlela thile, obekungenakwenza okuningi kulokhu okungenhla (yize, njengoba sisho, babhekana nezinkinga ezifanayo).
Izimpawu kumaGypsy Ballads
Ukuqedela, sikushiya lapha ukuthi yini uphawu oluthola kumaGypsy Ballads kanye nencazelo enikezwa yimbongi kulezo zimpawu. Eminye yayo isetshenziswa kweminye imisebenzi, kepha kukhona eminye eyehlukile kulo.
Phakathi kwazo kukhona:
IGypsy
Isibalo se-gypsy kungaba ukuhumusha njengendlela yokuphila, nokuthi ishayisana kanjani nomphakathi "ojwayelekile" nomkhuba. Ngaphandle kwemizamo yokuzivumelanisa nalowo mphakathi nokuhlala ngokuthula nawo, uyehluleka futhi abangele ikusasa lakhe liphele kabi.
La luna
KuLorca, inyanga inezincazelo eziningi, kepha iqiniso ukuthi kulokhu into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uphawu lokufa.
Inkunzi
Yize inkunzi iwuphawu lwamandla, lwamandla, lwesibindi. Inhloso enkulu yalokhu ngukufa hhayi okujwayelekile, kepha kufanele alwele ukuphilela, ekugcineni, noma yini akwenzayo, kudlule.
Ngakho-ke, kuLorca, une- uphawu olubuhlungu. Kube sengathi inkunzi ithathiwe impilo yayo. Futhi yile ndlela ayimelela ngayo kwezothando lwakhe.
Ihhashi
Ihhashi lingenye yezimpawu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu nguFederico García Lorca emisebenzini yakhe eminingi. Futhi kulokhu ukhuluma ngehhashi lisuka endaweni yesilisa, enobungqabavu, enamandla, egcwele uthando.
Le yindlela ayimelela ngayo, kepha futhi nalokho kuthanda njalo kuholela ekufeni, ekugcineni okuyinhlekelele okuphela ngaphandle kokufeza lokho akulangazelelayo.
Ummese, imimese, imimese
Kuwo wonke amaGypsy Ballads, ezinye izinsimbi zikhonjisiwe njengemimese, imimese, njll. Zonke ziyizinto ezimele ukufa komlobi. Khumbula ukuthi sikhuluma ngento ebangela ubuhlungu nokuthi lokhu kungabulala.
Noma kunjalo, kukhona nezinye izinsimbi ezifana nesiliva noma igolide, kanye nethusi noma ithusi. Izimbili zokuqala yizimpawu ezinhle zikaLorca; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye ezimbili, uzinikeza incazelo ehluke ngokuphelele, ngoba uzisebenzisa ukubonisa uhlobo lwesikhumba umuntu (noma iqembu) analo.
Uma ufuna ukufunda okuthile okuhle ngoGarcía Lorca, sincoma kakhulu ukuthi ufunde le «Romancero Gitano», enye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu ngumbhali owazalelwa eGranada.