Ama-subgenres we-Lyrical

Ibizwa ngokuthi "ama-lyrical subgenres" ezigabeni ezihlukaniswe ngemibhalo ezivezwa yinkulumo ethi "poetic self" yombhali. Lezi zihlelwe - ngokobude bezigatshana zazo - ezinkondlweni ezinkulu nasezinkondlweni ezincane. Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukubheka uhlobo lwemvumelwano ekhona nenani lamaqoqo emethrikhi akhona kulowo nalowo kubo.

Ngokwalokhu okushiwo ngenhla, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokwakheka ngaphakathi kohlobo lomculo wenkondlo yinkondlo, futhi lokhu, futhi, kuvezwa ngamavesi. Kuyadingeka ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkondlo zeprozi akumele zichithwe. Khumbula lokho okubaluleke ngempela ku-lyric ukujula nezinsizakusebenza ezisetshenziswe ngumlobi ukudlulisa imizwa yakhe.

Izinkondlo ezinkulu

Njengoba kushiwo, ikhwalithi yalo enkulu ubude bezigatshana zayo. Phakathi kokuvame kakhulu, okulandelayo kugqame:

Iculo

Luhlobo lwenkulumo - cishe njalo - evesini elenzelwe ukubizwa njengengxenye yomculo. Ukuqhuma okukhulu engomeni enomsindo kwenzeka phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi ezandleni zezimbongi ezintsha ezifana noFrancesco Petrarca (1304-1374) noLope de Stúñiga (1415-1465).

Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ukucula okunomsindo kuye kwavela ekubonisweni okuhlukile kwemvelo yeqembu (imvamisa ihlanganiswe nedrama). Phakathi kwabo: ikwaya, ama-orchestra kanye ne-opera. Lokhu kuvame ukumelwa yizi-tenors, ama-sopranos nabahlabeleli abanesici esikhulu sokujula kwamazwi abo.

Ihubo

Ihubo elingaphansi komculo elihlobene kakhulu nengoma (ngenxa yokufana kwezitayela zokuhumusha). Kodwa-ke, yehlukile kweyokugcina ngendlela ephakamisa ngayo izinhloso zokushisekela izwe noma ezenkolo. Empeleni, ezikhathini zasendulo babeyindlela ejwayelekile yokudumisa onkulunkulu.

Namuhla, iNgoma kaZwelonke iyingxenye yezimpawu zezwe —Konke nefulegi nesihlangu sesizwe— kuzo zonke izizwe zomhlaba. Ngisho nalawo mazwe angaziwa emazweni omhlaba ajwayele ukuba abe neNgoma yazo kaZwelonke.

Izindlovu

Kungukubonakaliswa okuhlabayo okusondelene kakhulu nemizwa yokulila, ukudangala, ukulangazelela nezinkumbulo ezinhle. Ngakho-ke, Ama-Elegies ashukunyiswa ukulahlekelwa (okokusebenza, okungokomzwelo noma okungokomoya) kothandekayo. Ngendlela efanayo, zixhunywe kwamanye ama-lyric subgenres (isibonelo, ingoma).

I-elegy iyindlela yokubonisa ngomculo esungulwe eGrisi lasendulo. AmaHellene ayichaza ngemitha ebizwa nge-elegiac. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukushintshaniswa kwamavesi e-hexameter nama-pentameter. Kusukela lapho, i-elegy yeqe cishe yonke imizuzu yomlando nezepolitiki empucukweni yaseNtshonalanga.

I-Eclogue

I-eclogue iyinkulumo eyindilinga eyakhiwe ngengxoxo phakathi kwabantu ababili noma ngaphezulu. Imvamisa, Lokhu kuzalwa kubonakala emidlalweni yeshashalazi ebekwe emaphandleni, lapho isenzo siqhubeka nengxoxo phakathi kwabelusi ababili. Iningi lama-eclogue aziwa kakhulu aqukethe isenzo esisodwa futhi aduma kakhulu eYurophu ngesikhathi se-Renaissance.

I-ode

I-ode wuhlobo lwenkondlo olayishwe ngomfanekiso ojulile lapho kuphakanyiswa khona izimfanelo zomuntu, into noma indawo. Lolu hlobo lwenkulumo enamaculo luvame kakhulu emisebenzini enikelwe konkulunkulu bezinganekwane zasendulo zamaGrikhi. Ngendlela efanayo, ibisebenza ukudumisa ukunqoba kwamasosha noma ubuhle bezindawo zamaHellenic (noma zabalingiswa abathile).

Khona-ke, Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi i-ode yaphinda yathandwa ngenxa yezifundiswa ezinjengoFray Luis de León. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iculo lamanje le-European Union yiyona Ihubo kuNjabulo iqanjwe nguLudwig van Beethoven (Symphony No. 9). Ngubani, naye, owayephefumulelwe Ode kuNjabulo (1785) yimbongi yaseJalimane uFriedrich von Schiller.

Ukubhuqa

Ukubhuqa kuyisiqalo somculo esiqhakambisa ukusebenza kwaso kuze kube namuhla ngenxa yezinkondlo zaso ze-burlesque nemishwana ehlabayo. Umsuka wayo ubuyela eGrisi yasendulo. Noma kunjalo, ama-satires akhunjulwa kakhulu ngolimi lweSpanish adalwa ekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi.

Ngokufanayo, ukubhuqa kwaba yindlela "eyamukelekayo" yokugxeka umphakathi nokuhleleka okumisiwe. Ngale njongo, izinsizakusetshenziswa ezisetshenzisiwe ekubumbaneni ukubhuqa nokuhlekisa, kungaba ngephrozi noma ngevesi. Lezi zici ziyabonakala kubalobi ababili abakhulu abangabenkathi ebizwa ngeSpanish Golden Age:

• I-Lope de Vega
• UFrancisco Gómez de Quevedo

Izinkondlo ezincane

Ukulandela ukuhleleka kwemibono ephakanyisiwe, izingoma zokwelulwa okuncane ziyaqhubeka. Agqamile:

Madrigal

Ezinye izazi zibheka i-madrigal njengokuhluka kwengoma. Noma kunjalo, i-madrigal iveza imihlahlandlela ethize ehluke kakhulu kokunye ukuvela komculo. Phakathi kwalezo, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi inani lamavesi alo alikwazi ukuba ngaphezu kweshumi nanhlanu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu, ngokweqile, kufanele kube ngama-heptasyllable nama-hendecasyllables.

Ngakho-ke, ziyingoma emfushane enamatimu ahlobene nothando noma izingxoxo zokwalusa. Esinye sezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu ze-madrigal ngolimi lwaseSpain ngu UMadrigal kuthikithi le-tram wembongi yaseSpain nombhali wemidlalo yokudlala uRafael Alberti.

I-epigram

Igqama ngesitayela sayo esinobuhlakani, esibukhali futhi esilumayo, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengokufana nokubhuqa. Kodwa-ke, yehlukile kokugcina ngokuba mfushane (imvamisa, iqukethe amavesi amabili) futhi ichaze umuzwa owodwa we-transcendental. I-epigram yaqhamuka - njengama-lyric amaningi - e-Ancient Greece, igama layo lisho ukuthi "ukubhala ngaphezulu" (etsheni).

AbakwaHellene babevame ukuwabeka emnyango wemabhilidi abalulekile noma ezansi kwezifanekiso nezindawo zamangcwaba. Inhloso yabo bekuwukukhumbula umcimbi womlando noma ukugubha impilo yomuntu. Kamuva, ama-epigrams amatshe amathuna aqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi "ama-epitaphs." Kodwa-ke, amanye ama-epigrams abhalwa ukuze akhombise okunye ukukhathazeka ngaleso sikhathi.

IHaiku

Luhlobo lokwakheka kwenkondlo yendabuko okuvela eJapan. Iphawuleka ngezindikimba zayo zokuphakanyiswa kwemvelo nokwakheka kwayo kwamavesi amathathu amaqoqo ezinhlanu, eziyisikhombisa nesihlanu, ngokulandelana, entula imvumelwano. Phakathi kwamahaikus aziwa kakhulu ngeSpanishi kukhona ayi-17 afakwe encwadini Isibalo (1981) kusuka ku- Jorge Luis Borges. Kuyadingeka futhi ukukhuluma ngencwadi Ikhoneni leHaikus (1999) nguMario Benedetti.

Amanye ama-lyrical subgenres aziwayo

• I-letrilla: yinkondlo emfushane enekhorasi enhloso yayo ukuculwa.
• I-Epitalamio: ukwakheka okufishane okubhalelwe umshado.
• I-Escolión: ukubonakaliswa okunomdlandla kobude obufushane, obudalwe ngendlela ethuthukisiwe phakathi kwamadili noma amaqembu aseGrisi yasendulo, okushiwo ngumculi oyedwa noma abaningi (abashintshanayo). Ibonakala ngemidlalo yayo yamagama nokwethulwa kwezinto ezifana nezimfumbe.