Izinhlobo zezinkondlo

Ngaphambi kokuchaza izinhlobo zezinkondlo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuchazwe ukuthi iyini inkondlo. Kwi-RAE (2020) "kungumsebenzi wezinkondlo ngokuvamile evesini". Ngakho-ke, yimibhalo engaphansi kohlobo lwezinkondlo, enikezwe imitha nesigqi. Umsuka walokhu kubonakaliswa kwemibhalo ubuyela emuva esikhathini seGrisi yasendulo.

Inkondlo kaGilgamesh - yemvelaphi yamaSumeriya (2500-2000 BC) - mhlawumbe ingenye yendalo endala ebhaliwe. Ngokwengxenye yayo, kufana nenkondlo yamaqhawe La I-Odyssey -UHomer — ukuba ngomunye wezingoma ezaziwa kakhulu kulolu hlobo. Kusukela kulezo ziqalo ezinhle, izinkondlo ziguquke ngezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomculo nezendabuko, enezitayela eziningi zokwakha, izindlela zephimbo, isigqi nomculo.

Izinhlobo zezinkondlo ngokwesiko lasentshonalanga

Inkondlo yaseLyric

Imisebenzi yezinkondlo zomculo zacatshangelwa ukuba zifundwe kanye nehabhu (yingakho igama lazo). Endulo, amaHellene ayejwayele ukuqamba izinkondlo ezibonakala ngesigqi nangomculo wazo. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, lokho kuvumelana kusetshenziswe yizimbongi ngokusebenzisa izibalo zokukhuluma (isibonelo, i-alliteration).

Izinkondlo ezihaywayo ziveza "uqobo olujulile" lwembongi, kanye nemizwa yothando noma ubungani. Imvamisa ziyizinkondlo ezimfushane (eziningi zezihloko ezinhle kulolo hlobo zingamanethi). Ngaphandle kukaFrancesco de Petrarca (1304 - 1374), izinkondlo ezazikhunjulwa kakhulu zezinkondlo zomculo zazalwa ngekhulu le-1808: uJosé de Espronceda (1842 - 1836) noGustavo Adolfo Bécquer (1870 - XNUMX).

Inkondlo ye-Epic

Ukuqamba kuklanyelwe ukuculelwa ngaphezu kokufundwa. Njengokubonakaliswa okuningi kwezinkondlo, izinkondlo eziqanjiwe zavela eGrisi lasendulo. Ummeleli wayo ovelele kakhulu HomerYize kungenzeki ukushiya ngaphandle amagama afana noHesiod noma umqambi wamaRoma uVirgil.

Izici zenkondlo yeqhawe

• Indaba ihlelwe esikhathini esikude; usuku akuvamile ukushiwo.
• Yimibhalo emide, ihlukaniswe ngezahluko ezibizwa ngamaculo.
• Izihloko zesimo senkolo (Umbono) noma ngemibono (I-Aeneid).
• Uvame ukuhlanganisa amavesi amnandi nezinto zangempela.
• Inhloso yawo ukuphakamisa izimpi (izingoma zokunqoba kanye nesibindi) noma ubuqili bomlando.

Imibuzo eyisisekelo ukukhomba uhlobo lwenkondlo, amapharamitha wamanje

• Unamavesi amangaki esitanzeni ngasinye?
• Mangaki amaqoqo emethrikhi evesini ngalinye?
• Yiluphi uhlobo lwemvumelwano (isononisi noma ungwaqa)?
• Ingabe kukhona uhlobo oluthile lokuvumelana kanye / noma i-cadence phakathi kwamavesi?
• Ngabe amavesi ahlanganiswe kanjani esigabeni ngasinye? (Izici zemethrikhi).

Imiqondo ebalulekile okufanele uyicabangele

Imvumelwano ye-Assonance nemvumelwano yongwaqa

Ukunquma uhlobo lwemvumelwano, kuyadingeka ukuthi unake igama lokugcina eligcizelelwe levesi ngalinye. Uma kuphela onkamisa befana, imvumelwano ibhekwa njenge-assonance (ngokwesibonelo, i-candelabra kanye ne-piecework). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma umdlalo uqedile - ngomsindo wonkamisa nongwaqa - imvumelwano ingwaqa; isibonelo: ubabazekile futhi uyakhazimula.

Amavesi obuciko obukhulu namavesi obuciko obuncane

Umehluko kuleli cala ulula kakhulu, mane ubale inani lamaqoqo emethrikhi akhona evesini ngalinye. Uma lelo nani lingaphezu kwesishiyagalombili, libhekwa njengevesi elikhulu lobuciko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma inani lamaqoqo ezinhlamvu lingaphansi kwesishiyagalombili noma ngaphansi, libizwa ngokuthi ivesi lobuciko elincane.

Izinhlobo zezinkondlo, ukuhlukaniswa ngokwenani lamavesi

Kumavesi amabili

Okuhlukanisiwe

Ihlanganiswe ngamavesi amabili (noma ngabe ngobuciko obukhulu noma ubuciko obuncane noma uhlobo lwemvumelwano).

Kumavesi amathathu

Okwesithathu:

Iqukethe amavesi amathathu obuciko obukhulu nemvumelwano yongwaqa.

Okwesithathu:

Siqukethe amavesi amathathu wobuciko obuncane anemvumelwano yongwaqa.

I-Soleá:

Kuyafana nokwesithathu, yize kunesigqi se-assonance.

Kumavesi amane

Quartet:

Ihlanganiswe ngamavesi amane obuciko obukhulu, imvumelwano yongwaqa kuwo wonke.

Round:

Iqukethe amavesi amane wobuciko obuncane anemvumelwano yongwaqa.

I-Serventesio:

Iqukethe amavesi amane obuciko obukhulu (imvamisa ama-hendecasyllables) anemvumelwano yongwaqa kanye nezinye (uhlelo lwe-ABAB).

I-Quatrain:

Kwakhiwe amavesi amane obuciko obuncane (imvamisa izinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili) ezinemvumelwano yongwaqa (abab scheme).

Izithandani:

Yakhiwe ngamavesi amane anezinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili zemvumelwano yongwaqa.

Sash:

Cishe amavesi amane ase-Aleksandriya anemvumelwano yongwaqa.

Kumavesi amahlanu

I-Quintet:

Siqukethe amavesi ayisihlanu obuciko obukhulu anemvumelwano yongwaqa kuwo wonke, lapho kungekho amavesi angaphezu kwamabili ngokulandelana anemvumelwano efanayo.

ILimerick:

Iqukethe amavesi amahlanu obuciko obuncane kanye nohlelo lokuvumelanisa lwemvumelwano.

U-Lira:

Iveza amavesi amabili ahlukanisekayo kanye namavesi amathathu anokuphindaphindeka anemvumelwano yongwaqa.

Kumavesi ayisithupha

Unyawo oluphukile noma i-Couplet yeManrique:

Kwakhiwe amavesi obuciko obuncane nemvumelwano yongwaqa.

Kumavesi ayisishiyagalombili

I-Royal Octave:

Iveza amavesi ayisishiyagalombili obuciko obukhulu nemvumelwano yongwaqa.

Ipheshana:

Iqukethe amavesi ayisishiyagalombili obuciko obuncane ohlelweni lokuvumelanisa oluvumelanayo.

Kumavesi ayishumi

Oweshumi:

Ukwakheka kwamavesi amancane obuciko anemvumelwano yongwaqa noma isivumelanisi, ngokusho kokuthanda kombhali. Ukuhlelwa kwemilolotelo kuyahlukahluka.

Kulungile manje uhlelo olwaziwa kakhulu yi-abba.accddc (enesikhathi kulayini wesine) futhi luhambisana ne-spinel yeshumi. Lokhu kuqanjwa kwathandwa nguVicente Espinel, yingakho igama lalo. Ngokwakhe, uMiguel de Cervantes noFélix Lope de Vega, abathandwa ngomsindo nokuvezwa kwezitanza ezitholwe nge-spinel, baphinde baba ngabasabalalisi baleli fomu lezinkondlo.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwayo

I-Sonnet:

Siqukethe amavesi nane nane hendecasyllable nge imvumelwano ongwaqa. Ama-quartet amabili nama-triplets amabili, ukuze kube ngqo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwayo ngu: ABBA ABBA CDC CDC. Namuhla izinhlobo eziningi zingatholakala kulokhu, kufaka phakathi lezo zabalobi abakhulu njengoRubén Darío. Lolu hlobo lwenkondlo luqhamuke e-Italy ngababhali abafana noPetrarca noDante Alighieri.

Ezothando:

Ukwakheka kwezinkondlo okunenombolo enganqunyelwe yamavesi we-hendecasyllable. Lapho lezi zibhangqwana zikhombisa imvumelwano yesononance futhi ezingajwayelekile zikhululekile. Izazi eziningi zikhomba ukuthi ezothando zinemvelaphi engaziwa - imvelaphi ethandwayo.

I-Zéjel:

Luhlobo lwenkondlo olunethonya lama-Arabhu elimakiwe, elihlukaniswe yikhorasi yalo yokuqala yemigqa emibili noma emithathu ehambisana nemilolotelo nevesi lokugcina lesitanza. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, inani lamavesi alo liyahlukahluka futhi kuhlale kunamavesi amathathu wesimo sendaba.

UCarol:

Luhlobo lokuqanjwa olufana kakhulu neZéjel, umehluko ubukhona bayo bamavesi e-octosyllabic noma we-heptasyllable. Lezi yizicucu ezigxile kakhulu esikweni likaKhisimusi.

USilva:

Kwakhiwe uchungechunge olungenamkhawulo lwama-heptasyllables ongwaqa noma ama-hendecasyllables (kungafaka namanye amavesi). Ihlukaniswa ibanga layo elifushane phakathi kwamavesi anemvumelwano.

Ivesi lamahhala:

Yimisebenzi enesitayela sokuhlanganiswa esingasuselwa kumapharamitha wemetrikhi ajwayelekile. Manje, ukungabi khona kwemvumelwano nomculo akusho ukuthi abanaso isigqi.

Ezinye izinhlobo zezingoma ezaziwayo zezinkondlo

• Ingoma
• Madrigal
• I-Letrilla
• I-Haiku
• I-Oda
• I-Epigram
• Elegy
• I-Eclogue