Izincwadi zamacala eDreyfus.
Indaba kaDreyfus ngokusobala yayiyithukuthelo, okukhombisa ukuthi ubuJuda babudlangile eYurophu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. UCaptain Alfred Dreyfus, wenziwa imbuzi yomsizi ephelele ukumboza ukushiyeka kombuso obolayo. Le nsizwa yezempi enemvelaphi yamaJuda yaboshwa ngezikhathi zasekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba 14, 1894, isolwa ngokudlulisa imininingwane eJalimane.
UJordi Corominas kusuka El Confidencial (2020), uqinisekisa ukuthi imibandela yesisekelo seRiphabhulikhi YaseFrance Yesithathu yavela kumongo wokungabi nabulungisa. Kwakunentukuthelo enkulu eFrance ngemuva kokuhlulwa impi nePrussia ngo-1870 kanye nokumenyezelwa koMbuso WaseJalimane eVersailles. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugqashuka koguquko eMkhandlwini okuqhutshwa izimfuno zabasebenzi bakaMarxist kwagcina sekufaka izwe ukudidizela unomphela.
Ingemuva
Isithunzi sokubuyiselwa kwamakhosi kanye nokususwa kwama-oda enkolo ukuze kuvuleke imfundo yezwe, kwandise ukungezwani okwakukhona. AmaFulentshi athatha konke lokhu kukhungatheka buthule, kepha abekhona kakhulu kwi-psyche yabo kanye nokulangazelela ukuziphindisela kanye nobuzwe obukhulayo. Ngokunjalo, ukusungulwa kobuhlanga bamanje ngu-oudouard Drumont kwasibhebhethekisa lesi simo.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule yekhulu le-XNUMX kwaba nokuguguleka okuqhubekayo kwesimilo sokuziqhenya kweFrance. Okokuqala, usongo lokuqothulwa kombuso ngu-General Boulanger lwalucashile kakhulu. Kamuva, ihlazo lePanama Canal laveza itulo elikhulu lenkohlakalo elathinta osomabhizinisi, amalungu ephalamende nezintatheli. Inothi elatholakala emgqonyeni kadoti enxusa laseJalimane lalikhombisa ibhomu elikhulu.
Alfred Dreyfus
U-Alfred Dreyfus wayengumsolwa ofanele kakhulu ukuqeda ukoma komphakathi waseFrance wokuziphindiselela. Wazalelwa e-Alsace ngo-Okthoba 9, 1859, uDreyfus wathuthela eFrance nomndeni wakhe ocebile wamaJuda lapho iJalimane linqoba izwe lakubo. Uthathe isinqumo sokuba yisakhamuzi saseFrance futhi wafisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-Alsace eFrance. Ngalesi sizathu, waqala umsebenzi wobusosha futhi wangena I-Polytechnic School e 1882.
Ngo-1889 wafinyelela ezingeni lokuba ukaputeni kwathi ngemuva konyaka wajoyina i-State of War. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1893 wayeyingxenye yeGeneral Staff of the French War Ministry. Ngo-1894 wamangalelwa ngecala lobunhloli futhi kwaqubuka impikiswano eyaba yingqophamlando emlandweni wokulwa nobuJuda. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi nambili selokhu kwenzeka leli cala (1894 - 1906), umphakathi waseFrance wawuhlukaniswe ngokujulile phakathi kwabasekeli nabadeleli bakaDreyfus.
Ukuphela kokungabi nabulungisa okungokomlando
Icala likaDreyfus likhiqize inqwaba yezincwadi kuze kube manje. Iningi lale misebenzi akuyona imibhalo engokomlando, kunalokho igxila kuma-polemics nase-diatribes engabalulekile. Kodwa-ke, yimibhalo ewusizo kakhulu ukuqonda uhlaka lwengqondo lomqondo wenkinga. Okucasula kakhulu ukuma okunamandla komshini omkhulu weGallic ngokumelene noDreyfus ngefa lakhe lesiHeberu.
U-Alfred Dreyfus waquliswa icala masinyane yinkantolo ebhekene necala lokuvukela umbuso, wagwetshwa udilikajele eDeveli's Island (eFrance Guyana). Izinsolo zommangalelwa bezingakaze zizwakale futhi akukho sikhathi lapho avunyelwe khona ukubona ukuthi buphi ubufakazi obuphikisana naye. Esikhundleni salokho, wehliswa esidlangalaleni futhi zonke izigaba zakhe zempi zehliswa.
JAAccuse
JAAccuse (Ngiyamangalela) ngu-Émilie Zola mhlawumbe ngumbhalo ofanele kakhulu obhalwe ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwecala likaDreyfus. Kuvele ekhasini lokuqala lephephandaba L'Aurore ngoJanuwari 13, 1898 okuyincwadi evulekile eya kumongameli waseFrance, uFélix Faure. UZola uzame - ngempumelelo - ukuboshwa nokubuyisela udaba "olukhohliwe" lukaDreyfus eqhulwini lomqondo womphakathi waseFrance.
Eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kokutholwa enecala kukaDreyfus, umphathi wezobunhloli owayesanda kukhushulwa, uGeorges Picquart, wathola umdayisi weqiniso embuthweni waseFrance. Icala langempela kwakungu-Commander (umfundi kaDrumont) uFerdinand Walsin Esterházy. Kepha uPicquart wasolwa ngokwethula ubufakazi obungamanga futhi wathunyelwa ezindaweni zaphesheya kwezilwandle ukuze angaphinde alisebenzise icala. Nge JAAccuse, UZola uvuselele bonke ubuhlazo obenzeke kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
J'accuse ngu-ilimilie Zola.
Imiphumela ku-ilemile Zola
UZola ube yiqhawe kuwo wonke amadoda alungile akhothamele imbangela nontobekoh. Phakathi kongqondongqondo ababevuna uDreyfus, uBernard Lazare wayeshicilele phakathi nemibhalo ka-1896 eyayiphikisana nokuphikisana kwalokhu kubekwa icala. Kodwa uLazare akazange ahlupheke njengokuxoshwa okuningi uma kuqhathaniswa noZola. Yebo, yonke imithombo yezindaba elwa namaSemite kanye neyakudala ihlonze owokugcina njengendoda ephikisana nezintshisekelo zezwe.
U-ilimilie Zola kwadingeka ukuthi aye ekudingisweni eNgilandi. Ukusuka lapho waqhubeka nokuvikela uDreyfus nokuhlasela kwakhe ababambe iqhaza ecaleni elaba yingozi: UColonel Paty de Clam, uGeneral Mercier noBillot ... Ekugcineni, uZola washona ngoSepthemba 29, 1902 (okuthiwa) wadideka ngemuva kokuvaleka kushimula we indlu yakhe. Yize, ezincwadini zishicilele i-posteriori mayelana JAAccuse, baphakamise imibono ngombulali obemboze isitofu somlilo.
Indaba yecala likaDreyfusnguJoseph Reinach
Ongqondongqondo nontobekoh ukhiphe umsebenzi wakhe uyimiqulu eyisikhombisa phakathi kuka-1901 no-1911. Iqukethe ubufakazi obuhle besayensi kanye nokuqagela okuthile komuntu mayelana nomnyombo wendaba. Umsebenzi kaReinach wakha isisekelo sezincwadi esezivele endabeni kaDreyfus kusukela ngo-1960 kuya phambili. Icala ngaphandle kukaDreyfus (1961) nguMarcel Thomas kanye I-Enigma Esterházy nguHenri Guillemin (bobabili kusuka ngo-1961).
Indaba ye-Dreyfus Affair, kaJoseph Reinach.
Okuthunyelwe kwakamuva kakhulu
Enye yezincwadi zakamuva yabhalwa nguDenis Bon. Lo mbhali uyazifela ngezilingo ezidume kakhulu nezinempikiswano emlandweni wanamuhla. Ekucabangeni kwakhe ushiya imibuzo ngenhloso yokuphazamisa umfundi. Ngabe bekuyicala lobunhloli noma bekuyindaba yombuso? Ngabe kuyinkomba yokubandlululwa kwamaHeberu emphakathini waseFrance ngaleso sikhathi? Indaba kaDreyfus (2016) nguBon, asishiyi mikhawulo evulekile.
Ngokufanayo, in Incwadi yobugebengu Kusuka aa. VV. (2018), inikeza umbono ofanele wabafundi bezomthetho nobugebengu. Icala likaDreyfus (phakathi kokunye) lichazwa ngokuhlaziywa kwengqondo nabenzi balo ngokuhambisana nohlelo lokwahlulela oluchemile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iveza ucwaningo olunzulu lwama-documentary nemifanekiso eminingi enothisa indaba.
Ukulungiswa kwecala
UWalsin Esterházy wavuma amacala akhe eminyakeni eminingana ngemuva kokuxazululwa kwecala elase linodaka kakhulu ngokuqinisekiswa kuka-1899. Inkantolo yesibili yempi - lapho umsolwa engekho - yamthola enecala ngaphansi kwezimo "zokuzijabulisa." Umongameli omusha waseFrance, u-ilimilie Loubet, unikeze uDreyfus ushwele (wokuhlanza isithombe sakhe neqembu lakhe lezepolitiki). Kepha lesi sivumelwano sasilulaza: UDreyfus akakwazanga ukuthi umsulwa.
U-Alfred Dreyfus wamukela lesi sipho ngoba wayefuna ukubuyela emndenini wakhe kuphela. Ubuyele eFrance ezungezwe yimfihlo ngokuphelele. Kwakumele alinde kuze kube nguJulayi 1906 ukuze akhululwe ngokuphelele futhi avuselelwe yinkantolo yomphakathi. Yize engazange akhululwe yinkantolo yezempi, isikhundla sakhe samasosha sabuyiselwa endaweni efanayo lapho aphucwa khona inkemba nomfaniswano.
Iminyaka edlule ka-Alfred Dreyfus nefa lecala lakhe
I-Dreyfus Affair kaDenis Bon.
U-Alfred Dreyfus wayesebenza ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I njengokoloneli wesikhulu esakhiweni sokuvuselela. Ekupheleni kwempi, wathatha umhlalaphansi unomphela kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe eParis, ngoJulayi 12, 1935; wayeneminyaka engama-75 ubudala. Ngalesi sikhathi, intshiseko yama-anti-Semitic eyakhuthazwa yiminyango yama-fascist eJalimane lamaNazi nase-Italy kaMussolini yayisibonile.
U-Alfred Dreyfus uqobo waba yisisulu somzamo wokubulawa eFrance Pantheon ngo-1908. Kwenzeka ngesikhathi somcimbi wokudluliswa kwezinsalela zika-ilemile Zola, lapho uLouis Gregori emlimaza ngenhlamvu engalweni. Umhlukumezi ukhishwe phambili ngemuva kokumemezela ukuthi akazange azame ukumelana nale ndoda, kodwa walwela imbangela. Lo mcimbi bekuyisikhumbuzo sesenzo sonya esenziwa kumaJuda saze senziwa maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX.