Izincwadi eziqanjiwe zesayensi

Kanye nokwesaba nokuthandana, izincwadi eziqanjiwe zesayensi ziphakathi kwezithandwa kakhulu. Umbono wokuthi umsuka wawo usukela eminyakeni yawo-1920 uthathwa njengevumelekile, ikakhulukazi ngonyaka we-1926, lapho umagazini uqala ukushicilelwa khona. Amazing Stories. Ngenkathi bekungokokuqala ukuthi isayensi yeqiniso, abaningi base bevele bengenile kulomhlaba.

Leli gama ngokwalo liyimpikiswano enkulu kanye nokudideka nokungaqondi. Kuqala ngoba kungumthambeka noma isizinda sendaba eqanjiwe. Lokho kusho ukuthi, izindaba "eziqanjiwe", ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo nezincwadi zezindaba zothando noma amadrama omndeni.

Inganekwane yesayensi noma inganekwane yesayensi?

Izipikha zaseSpain, umsebenzi wokuchaza le mibhalo nokubeka imikhawulo yawo unengxenye eyengeziwe. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi "inganekwane yesayensi" inguquko engokoqobo futhi engalungile ye isayensi yeqiniso. Ukuthi into eyiyo "isayensi eqanjiwe". Amagama amaningi, amagama amancane: kumayelana nokuqagela ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene, kepha ukunamathela kobunzima obuthile besayensi.

Yilo mbono wokugcina - wobulukhuni besayensi - owenza sikwazi ukuhlukanisa lolu hlobo lwezincwadi kwezimnandi. Izinganekwane zesayensi - noma inganekwane yesayensi, njengoba uthanda - idinga ukulandela nokuthola umqondo onengqondo. Ukuqagela futhi kumnandi, kepha akunakunyakaziswa. Izincwadi ezilindelwe nokuqagela okunengqondo ngezinye zezihloko ezisetshenziswe kulolu hlobo ngaphambi kokuthi konke kuhlanganiswe ngaphansi kwesambulela esisodwa.

I-Verisimilitude, okokuqala nokuphambili

Ababalisi bezindaba eziqanjiwe zesayensi abamemezeli ngaphakathi kwemibhalo yabo ukuthi baxoxa indaba eqanjiwe yesayensi. Yize bengase baxwayise - kumuntu wokuqala, bekhuluma nabafundi ngqo noma ngomlingiswa othile - ukuthi lawa ngamaqiniso "angakholeki" futhi futhi "amnandi", baphikelela emcabangweni wokuthi lokho akutshelwayo kuyiqiniso.

Ngalokhu bathembela kwisici esivele siphawuliwe somqondo wesayensi. Bakha imithetho ecacile yokuthi izinto zisebenza kanjani futhi banamathela kuzo. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukusungula isivumelwano sokuxhumana nabafundi.

Izinganekwane zesayensi, ngaphambi kwezindaba eziqanjiwe zesayensi

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kweminyaka eyishumi yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX, izindaba eziqanjiwe zesayensi zazigcwele. Okwakungekho kwakuwumqondo. Amagama afana no-Edgar Allan Poe noma uTomás Moro angafakwa kulokho okwaziwa nge- "Proto science fiction". Uhlu olufaka ababhali abanjengoSir Arthur Conan Doyle, uCharles Dickens noma uJohannes Kepler.

Futhi yize kungekho ukufana kwemibono ukukhipha incazelo yokuthi iyini inganekwane yesayensi, noma imvelaphi yayo ngqo, kuyacaca ukuthi kwakuyini. isihloko esihlukanise umlando walolu hlobo kabili. Lokhu Frankenstein o I-Prometheus Yesimanje nguMary Shelley.

Okuyindida ukuthi, eminyakeni yamuva - ngokuvela kohlobo lohlobo - lesi silo silahlekelwe ukuvelela ngaphakathi kwe- "Sci Fi". (Noma ihlala inganekwane ebalulekile). Kwabaningi kuyindaba ethusayo hhayi okunye. Yize kukuveza ngokuphelele ukubaluleka kwalezi zindaba ukusungula nokuhambisana nobulukhuni bazo besayensi.

Imayelana nani inganekwane yesayensi

Amarobhothi, abafokazi noma ukuhamba kwe-interspace. Izinganekwane zesayensi azihlali zikhanga ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ifaka phakathi ukuhlola kwesimo senhlalo. Isibonelo salokhu UtopianguTomás Moro. Umbhalo owashicilelwa ngo-1516 lapho isazi semfundiso yenkolo yamaNgisi sicabanga ngawo umphakathi ophethwe izimfundiso zefilosofi zezwe lakudala futhi ngaphansi kobuKristu.

Umqondo wokuzuza umhlaba phakathi kokulungile nokungonakali ubukhona kuma-akhawunti angenathemba futhi amnyama. Enye yezinto ezaziwa kakhulu yi- Iwolintshi lewashi ngu-Anthony Burgess (1962). Amarobhothi nawo abambe iqhaza kulolu hlobo lokubuyekezwa komphakathi (ukuqagela). Ingabe iphupho le-Android lezimvu zikagesi? nguPhilp K. Dick (1968) ngesinye isibonelo esihle.

Uchronias, dystopias

Esinye isigaba esincane salolu hlobo lwemibhalo yi-uchrony. Lolu uhlobo lwe "Umlando ohlukile", ubheka ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi ezinye izehlakalo zomlando ezimake inkambo yesintu babezoba nesinqumo esihlukile. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu sazalwa kabusha ngepeni likaDick. Imayelana ne- Indoda enqabeni. Inoveli lapho ama-Allies ahlulwa khona eMpini Yesibili Yomhlaba, eyavumela amaJalimane namaJapane ukuba ahlukanise izindawo zase-United States.

Ikusasa le-dystopi ngomunye umqondo ophindayo. Nakulokhu ukufuna umphakathi ophelele kugcina kuphakamisa okuphambene. Lesi sihloko esithile sasithandwa kakhulu emashumini amabili okuqala ekhulu lama-XNUMX. Imidlalo Yendlala nguSuzanne Collins (2008) no etshiyeneyo UVeronica Roth (2011) uyizibonelo ezimbili zalokhu. Yize ama-dystopias engeyona into entsha. 1984 nguGeorge Orwell (1949) no Fahrenheit 451 URay Bradbury's (1953) yizinto zakudala zangempela.

Ukuhamba ngesikhathi

Ukucinga okunganeliseki kwesintu, okuthole i-placebo ethile ezincwadini eziqanjiwe zesayensi. I-Idea ihlolwe ngokugcwele muva nje ochungechungeni lwe-TV yaseJalimane Dark, eyenziwe yiNetflix. Okungaziwa abaningi ukuthi umshini wokuqala ohamba ngesikhathi ufike walungiswa ngeSpanish.

Kwakungumbhali waseMadrid u-Enrique Gaspar "owayenelungelo lobunikazi" eyodwa yalezi zobuchwepheshe ngaphambi kwanoma ngubani omunye. Ngikwenzile kule noveli I-anachronópete, yanyatheliswa ngo-1887. Umbhalo ongaziwa iningi lomphakathi futhi ongazange ubonwe ngendlela engcono kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lo mbhali wasinda kangcono yimidlalo yakhe nama-zarzuelas.

Amanoveli amahlanu aqanjiwe wesayensi

Yikuphi ukuzwela. Khetha amanoveli amahlanu esayensi uwaqambe ngokuthi "abalulekile." Eqinisweni, ayikho indawo yokuningi. Ngalesi sizathu, ngendlela engenabulungisa ngokuphelele - nokusebenzisa okuthandwa yimibhalo kuphela (kanye nalokhu okufundiwe) - uhlu lwezihloko ezinhlanu “ezivelele” ngaphakathi kwezinganekwane zemibhalo luyaphakanyiswa.

Uhambo oluya esikhungweni somhlabanguJules Verne

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Uhambo oluya esikhungweni somhlaba

Kukhona ababhali abadinga ukuzinikela okukhethekile. Izinto zazo nje. Jules Verne ikuleso sigaba. Ukukhetha indaba eyodwa kukhathalogi yakho sekuvele kubonakala kuyingozi. Lokho kusho ukushiya ngaphandle okwakudala okuningi. Kepha sizoma siqinile ngaphakathi kobulukhuni bethu besayensi.

Isihloko sanyatheliswa ngoNovemba 1864, eminyakeni eminingana ngaphambi kokuba igama elithi fiction lesayensi linikezwe ilungelo lobunikazi. I-adventure yangaphakathi esebenzele abathandi abaningi, ngendlela yomdlalo, kodwa futhi ngokujulile, Thumela imibono ngokufihlekile ngaphansi kwezendlalelo ze-tectonic.

Umshini wesikhathingu-HG Wells

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Umshini wesikhathi

Omunye umbhali obalulekile lapho ekhuluma ngezindaba eziqanjiwe zesayensi. Ngale kwalokho iminikelo yakhe yavela kudala ngaphambi kokumiswa kwalo mqondo. Futhi yize u-Enrique Gaspar ethathwa njengowokuqala ukufaka umshini wokuhamba ngesikhathi ezindabeni zakhe, ayikho kulezi zinto zobuciko ezinesithunzi ngaphezu kwaleyo UHerbert George Wells.

I-adventure eyaphakanyiswa ngumlobi waseLondon futhi yashicilelwa ngo-1885, ingadumaza abafundi abaningi bezizukulwane ezintsha. Azikho izindida zesikhashana. Ukuqagela kuphela kwesimo sokuziphatha ngokuthi umphakathi uzoba njani okungalindela ngokomzimba izenzakalo ezisazokwenzeka.

IYankee eNkantolo yaseKing Arthurby UMark Twain

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: IYankee eNkantolo yaseKing Arthur

Namanje ngekhulu le-XNUMX, lanyatheliswa eminyakeni emine nje emva kwalokho Umshini wesikhathi Imithombo. Enye indaba ehluke emibonweni yeminyaka eyizinkulungwane mayelana nokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokuphazamiseka okuyinhlekelele.

Kunalokho ukubhuqa okucabanga ukuthi bekungenzekani uma indoda yesimanje izinze enkantolo yeNkosi u-Arthur. Maphakathi neNkathi Ephakathi nangamanye ama-knights we-Round Table. Ngokwengeza ukuthi lo mlingiswa ohamba ngendlela engachazeki ngesikhathi, unguchwepheshe wezibhamu.

Fahrenheit 451nguRay Bradbury

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Fahrenheit 451

Umphakathi lapho izincwadi zivinjelwe khona. Lokhu kubukeka kuyiphupho lababusi abaningi abangama-fascist nabangamagunya. Kanye nabalandeli bakhe. Kuyimpikiswano futhi lapho yakhelwe khona Fahrenheit 451 nguRay Bradbury.

Ishicilelwe ngo-1953, umbhali waseMelika uqobo wavuma ukuthi wabhala le ndaba ekhathazeke kakhulu ngemiphumela yeMcCarthy Era. Impikiswano nokukhathazeka okuthi, noma ngabe ingabonakala kanjani inganekwane yesayensi, kusasebenza kulezi zinsuku.

Imidlalo YendlalanguSuzanne Collins

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Imidlalo Yendlala

Iningi le Abadayisi asebeshiye ikhulu lama-XNUMX bayakhishwa inyumbazana. Kwabaningi, kuyimisebenzi nje emincane. Ukufaneleka kwayo, ngaphezu kokuthengisa izigidi zamakhophi, kwehlela ekuzijabuliseni. Umbuzo ovela njalo ngemuva kwalezi zinhlobo zezitatimende: ngabe kukhona okungahambi kahle ngokujabulisa abafundi?

Nokho, I-trilogy kaCollins, isahluko sayo sokuqala esangena ezitolo ezidayisa izincwadi ngo-2008, yeza ukuphefumula impilo entsha hhayi kuphela ezincwadini eziqanjiwe zesayensi. Futhi ukuze "uvuthwe" izindaba zezothando ezingenakwenzeka phakathi kwentsha. Lokhu kuqale ngo-Edward Cullen noBella Swan ku KusihlwanguStephenie Meyer (2005). Ubudlelwano okungekho obabuthatha ngokungathí sina ngaphambi kokuvela kukaKatriss Everdeen noPeeta Mellark.