Izincwadi bezikhona isikhathi eside kakhulu. Eqinisweni, kuyaziwa ukuthi incwadi yokuqala ephrintiwe emlandweni yakhishwa ngoMeyi 11, 868. KwakuseChina lapho uWang Jie agunyaza khona ukunyatheliswa nokusatshalaliswa kwencwadi ethi "The Diamond Sutra." Lokhu empeleni kungokokuqala, hhayi lokho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuyikho, i-Gutenberg Bible. Kepha, eminyakeni edlule, kube nezincwadi ezinhle kakhulu ezake zaba khona.
Uma ungumthandi wezincwadi, noma uma ufuna ukwazi ngakho yazi ukuthi yiziphi izincwadi ezinhle kakhulu emlandweni, khona-ke le ncwadi izokuthakazelisa ngoba sizokhuluma nawe ngemisebenzi eminingana echazwe njengehamba phambili kunayo yonke eyake yaba khona. Ngabe kuzoba khona okufundile?
Inkondlo kaGilgamesh
Le ngenye yezincwadi ezihamba phambili emlandweni ngokwe-World Library, eyasungula uhlu lwezingu-100 ezihamba phambili ngokwesiphakamiso sabalobi abayi-100 abavela emazweni ahlukene angama-54. Kungani lencwadi yakhethwa? Okokuqala, kuvela ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa leminyaka BC, kusuka eSumeria nakumbuso wama-Akkadian futhi kubhalwe ngalolo limi.
Kuyo sitshelwa ngezehlakalo zeNkosi uGilgamesh, inkosi eyayinodlame eyahlukumeza abantu bayo. Onkulunkulu, ukumnikeza isifundo, bathumela u-Enkidu, indoda okumele ibhekane noGilgamesh; kodwa bagcina sebengabangani futhi ngokubambisana baqala ukuzama ukunqoba izitha ezithile.
Enye indiza phezu kwe-nucus ye-cuco
Lesi sihloko esiyinqaba empeleni singenye yezincwadi ezihamba phambili. Eqinisweni, iNetflix yaphendukela kuye ukuze enze uchungechunge lwakhe Ratched, njengoba ophambili lapha engumhlengikazi onobushiqela onakekela isibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo i-Oregon ngendlela engajwayelekile.
Yabhalwa ngo-1962 nguKen Kensey futhi yabangela isiyaluyalu ngaleso sikhathi ngoba yayithathwa njengezocansi, noma yayiqhosha ngokuziphatha kobugebengu.
Iminyaka engu-100 yedwa
Ibhalwe nguGabriel García Márquez, le ncwadi ithathwa njengenye yezinhle kakhulu emlandweni ngenxa yetulo elitshelwayo, kodwa futhi nangenxa yendlela umlobi okwazile ngayo ukulandisa konke. Kuyo, uzokwazi ukwazi impilo yomndeni wakwaBuendía-Iguarán, amaphupho, ukuthanda izinto, ukwesaba, izinhlekelele, njll. ezibazungezile futhi ezenza iminyaka idlule futhi ziguqule inhlanhla yabo enhle.
INkosi yezindandatho
Akungabazeki ukuthi uJRR Tolkien udale umsebenzi wezinganekwane obaluleke kangangoba kumele ubekhona kunoma yiluphi uhlu lwezincwadi ezihamba phambili emlandweni. Futhi yilokho okwenziwe ngumbhali kule ncwadi kwakuyi-odyssey. Wasungula yonke into ngokuphelele, enemicu eminingana elandisayo, indaba eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enkulu ebonakala ngathi itshela umsebenzi nezimangaliso zakwenye iplanethi. Futhi ezinye izinhlamvu ezazingewona amaqhawe noma izigebengu njengoba zazibonakala ekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akekho noyedwa umlingiswa oyinhloko, kepha uningana, nezwe elisungulwe ababhali abambalwa abakwazile ukulingisa.
Izincwadi ezihamba phambili ezake zaba khona: Incwadi kaJobe
Akwaziwa ukuthi ngubani owabhala le ncwadi, yize ibhalwe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX leminyaka BC Kuyo uzothola indaba yendoda enhle kakhulu neyesaba uNkulunkulu. Lapho uNkulunkulu ekhuluma noSathane ngale ndoda, uSathane unquma "ukulinga" ukuze uNkulunkulu abone ukuthi akalungile njengoba ezenza ukuthi amkholwe. Ngakho-ke umbeka ezilingweni nasezilingweni ukuze enze uJobe one. Noma kunjalo, akulula njengoba kuzwakala.
Futhi ukuthi le ncwadi inefilosofi enkulu phakathi kwezincwadi zayo, ukubhala okuthi, noma kungaba nzima ukuyiqonda, ikakhulukazi manje, iphendula okuningi okungaziwa noma ikwenze ucabange ngezinto owawungazicabangeli phambilini.
Izincwadi ezihamba phambili ezake zaba khona: Ama-Arabian Nights
Kubhalwe phakathi konyaka ka-700 kuya ku-1500, ngumuntu ongazi ukuthi kwakungubani, iThe Thousand ne-One Nights ilandisa ngendaba kaPrincess Scheherazade, indodakazi ka-vizier okwazi ukubamba nokuvimba ukubulawa kukaSultan Shahriar ngokulandisa kwezinganekwane.
Futhi iqiniso ukuthi inkosazana, ukujabulisa isultan, iqala ukuyitshela izindaba ezahlukahlukene ukuze ikhohlwe konke.
Ubugebengu nokujeziswa
Ebhalwa nguFyodor Dostoevsky ngo-1866, lo msebenzi ungenye yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ubuciko bombhali. Yini oyitholayo kuyo? Yebo, sikhuluma ngoRaskolnikov, umfundi osemncane onezinkolelo ezingangqubuzana nalabo onabo. Kodwa-ke, kancane kancane ufunda ukuthi mhlawumbe lokho abekade ecabanga njalo kungenzeka ukuthi bekungeyona into efanele ukwenziwa.
Izincwadi ezihamba phambili ezake zaba khona: Izinganekwane zikaHans Christian Andersen
The Little Mermaid, The Ugly Duckling, The Tin Soldier ezinye zezinganekwane zikaAndersen ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Futhi iqiniso ukuthi ingenye yezincwadi ezinhle kakhulu emlandweni, ilungele izingane ezincane ezisendlini.
Vele, kwesinye isikhathi, bekungeke kube ngumqondo omubi ukwazi indaba yangempela nokuthi bayihluka kanjani ukuyenza inganekwane (ngoba, uma kwenzeka ungazi, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwendaba nendaba " Indaba "yangempela".
I-Divine Comedy
Ibhalwe nguDante Alighieri phakathi kuka-1265 no-1321, iyinkondlo ethathwa njengenye yezikhathi ezinhle kakhulu. Ukuba yinkondlo, futhi futhi kwakudala, kugcwele izifanekiselo, izingathekiso namabinzana angahle angaqondakali ekuqaleni. Kepha ngomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ngoba, ngokusho kongoti uqobo, kugcina lonke ulwazi olutholakele emakhulwini eminyaka (kunjalo, laze labhalwa).
1984
Lolu suku kwakuyisihloko uGeorge Orwell asikhethela incwadi yakhe, enye yezinto ezihamba phambili emlandweni. Kuyo, usibeka eLondon, ngo-1984, lapho idolobha libonakala lihlala khona esimweni sokuminyaniswa.
Lapho, uzohlangana noWinston Smith, umphenyi okumele abhale kabusha umlando ukuze ahambisane nalokho iqembu elifuna ukuthi uhlobo olusemthethweni lube yilo. Kepha uqala ukucabanga kabusha ukuthi ngabe lokhu akwenzayo kuyinto efanele yini ngempela ukwenziwa, futhi uma ngabe uhlelo aluphetheyo ngempela yilona okufanele lubuse.
Izincwadi ezihamba phambili ezake zaba khona: Ukuziqhenya nokubandlulula
UJane Austen ungomunye wababhali besifazane "abanodumo" lokuba yingxenye yezincwadi ezihamba phambili emlandweni. Empeleni wabhala okuningi, kepha iPride and Prejudice, indaba ka-Elizabeth Bennet noFitzwilliam Darcy, impela iwubuciko. Eqinisweni, ngokuzivumelanisa okuningi, le ndaba ngokungangabazeki iyaziwa.
Ngiwafunde wonke kodwa ngombono wami, i-Les Miserables ayinakushiywa ngaphandle, ngokufanayo noDon Quixote de la Mancha.
Sawubona kubo bonke osebenza nabo eMtapweni Wezincwadi, lezo ezinconyiwe kulo mcimbi ziyizincwadi ezinhle impela, kepha ngaphandle kwenhloso yokuba amanzi ephathi, noma ukuletha ephaphathekile, okubuhlungu ukuthi zibiza kakhulu futhi zengezwe kule nkinga »(Uma ikhona engahlukaniswa kanjalo), eRiphabhuliki yase-Argentina sinenkinga yokuvalwa kokungeniswa ukuze kugwenywe i-" LEAKAGE "yamadola ngakho-ke izincwadi azibizi nje kuphela ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokushintshisana, kepha ezikhathini eziningi kunezihloko ezingatholakali, noma ngabe yikuphi kuyinto ephinda i-viasta nomcabango, ukubona nokukhumbula umsebenzi wezincwadi esinawo, okufakazela ukuthi: «NGAPHANDLE KOMBHALI, KUKHONA INCWADI , KODWA UMA KUNGEKHO MFUNDI, IZINCWADI ZISWELELE UMQONDO ", ngiyabonga kakhulu ngokunginikeza leli thuba lokuthi ngibhale futhi ngiyabonga ngokunginaka kanye nakuhlu lwakho ukuze ngiqhubeke nokuthola imininingwane oyithumela njalo.
Ayikho enye into
Ngikuthumela ukugona
INKOSI IKUBUSISE
Sanibonani atte.
I-Leopoldo Alberto Trcka Sasia
Lutho neze ngokusho kwesihloko. Kunoma ikuphi kungaba: "izincwadi eziyishumi nanye ezaziwayo engicabanga ukuzibeka lapha."
Ngicabanga ukuthi isihloko salesi sihloko bekufanele ngabe sithi "Izincwadi Ezihamba Phambili Engizifundile." Ngenhlanhla, umbhali noma umthombo wolwazi awukhonjisiwe. Into ejwayelekile ukuthi abantu bachofoze futhi bakhokhise abakhangisi.
Izincwadi eziyi-11 cishe ziyi-5% yemisebenzi emihle kakhulu yezincwadi zomhlaba wonke; Futhi akuyona into yokulinganisa, isici sekhwalithi yombhali, umfundi kanye nendaba kubalulekile
Kubonakala kimi umhlanga wokugcina wokuthi i-athikili ekhuluma ngezincwadi nezincwadi ibhalwe kabi kabi. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi ngayinye akusho okungaqondakali, kepha kunemibono eyiphutha eningi ekubhalweni.
Kubonakala kimi umhlanga wokugcina wokuthi i-athikili ekhuluma ngezincwadi nezincwadi ibhalwe kabi kabi. Hhayi amaphutha wokubhala azisolayo kuphela, kepha
ukubuyekeza okudabukisayo nokukha phezulu kwayo yonke incwadi efakiwe Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhethwa kwezincwadi kuyavumelana futhi kuyaphikiswa.
Lolu hlu alunakhanda noma umsila. Bafaka i-Lord of the Rings bashiye uDon Quixote noHamlet. Akunangqondo. Ukungasho iGilgamesh bese ushiya ngaphandle iBhayibheli noma iQuran
Isihloko kufanele sithi: »izincwadi eziyi-11 ezihamba phambili engizifundile», ngoba ngokukhetha kwakho, kubonakala sengathi ufunde okuncane, noma labo abakwenzile. Ziyizincwadi ezinhle, ngaphandle kokungabaza, kodwa kukhona ezinye ezingcono kakhulu, ezinikeze ukuhlala kwazo phakathi kwezifundwa kakhulu kunazo zonke izikhathi emakhulwini eminyaka, ziye zavezwa ngaphezu kwekhwalithi yazo. Kwangathi ungenza kahle ngokukhetha kwakho, kepha isihloko sibonakala siqhakazile futhi sizikhukhumeza kimi.
I-Odyssey, i-Iliad neDon Quixote abekho ohlwini. Lokhu kususa konke ukwethembeka ohlwini lwedama. Futhi kunezincwadi eziningi zesilinganiso sesithathu. Kubukeka sengathi uJames Joyce wayeqinisile: indoda eyisixa, uLeopold Bloom, wanqoba u-Odysseus, u-Ulysses.
"Ingoma Yezingoma" (kukhonjwe ngeNkosi uSolomoni) kanye ne- "Inhliziyo" (Edmundo de Amicis). Lesi sakamuva kwakuyincwadi yokuqala engayifunda lapho ngineminyaka engu-8 ubudala.
Uhlu oluhle kakhulu lwemisebenzi yokubhala, sengifunde eminingi yayo futhi mihle kakhulu, ngo-1984, ubugebengu nokujeziswa yizintandokazi zami.
- UGustavo Woltmann.
Uhlu lwezincwadi ezihamba phambili ezingenayo i-Ingenious Gentleman ne-Little Prince aluselona uhlu lwezincwadi ezihamba phambili ze-de facto.
Intethelelo ilahlekile i-The Count of Monte Cristo
Ngikuthandile ukukhumbula ezinye izindaba zale misebenzi, engxenyeni enkulu, ngibe nethuba lokuzifunda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nganginelukuluku lokufunda u-1984 engingazange ngiwufunde futhi ngiphinde ngifunde abanye. Ngiyabonga ngomzuzu omuhle kangaka. Halala! 🖐️❤️
Kungakhathalekile ukuthanda kombhali kombhalo, okubonakala kimi ukuthi kufanele ngikunake, futhi ngifuna ukwakha, ubumpofu obuzwakalayo bombhalo. Vele, lolu hlu luyinto engenakuphikiswa futhi luyaphikiswa, futhi ngiphuthelwa ireferensi yomthombo lapho kukhishwe khona ukuthi laba abayi-11 bangcono kakhulu endaweni yonke enkulu njengaleyo yezincwadi.
Izinkulumo eziswele njengokuthi "... incwadi yokuqala ephrintiwe emlandweni yakhishwa ngoMeyi 11, 868", "Lesi sihloko esiyinqaba empeleni singenye yezincwadi ezinhle emlandweni" noma "... ezenza iminyaka idlule futhi iguqulwe inhlanhla yakhe »ukukhuluma okuncane kakhulu kuvuna umuntu obhale le ndatshana edumazayo kanye nekhasi eliyiphethe.