Izimbongi eziyi-9 ezidume kakhulu zaseSpain

Izimbongi ezinkulu ziye zazalwa ngezinhlamvu zeSpanishi. Ukukhetha okubaluleke kakhulu kuyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke kulesi sihloko abanye ababhali abavelele kakhulu izinkondlo Spanish bakhethiwe. Nakuba, kunjalo, njengoba kuwukukhetha, amagama abalulekile noma ababhali besimanje bangase bangabikho.

Ngokunjalo, kunqunywe ukwenza uhlu kuphela nezimbongi, ngoba ababhali badinga ukukhethwa okuhlukile.

ukukhethwa kwezimbongi

UFederico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936)

Impela leli gama lingelinye laziwa kakhulu. Kuningi osekushiwo ngomsebenzi wakhe nangombhali. Mhlawumbe ngoba izinga lokubhala kanye nokubulawa kwakhe phakathi nempi yombango yaseSpain kwasishiya sonke sizibuza ukuthi yini enye umlobi uGarcía Lorca. Ngoba uthathwa njengongqondongqondo, odume umhlaba wonke, owashona eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili. Ngaphezu kwezinkondlo zakhe, umsebenzi wakhe wamadrama wabungazwa kakhulu.

Wayeyingxenye yesizukulwane sabangu-27, isizukulwane sezimbongi ezabelana ngemibono kanye nomugqa wesitayela owahluka kancane kancane. Ngandlela thize kwakuyindlela yokuhlanganisa izimbongi ezihamba phambili zamanje ezingaseyona ingxenye yesizukulwane sika-'98 noma i-Noucentisme. Kunoma yikuphi, babelane nge-avant-garde nomoya wokuvuselela.

U-Federico García Lorca wavakashela e-Residencia de Estudiantes e-Madrid futhi wabelana ngobungane no-Luis Buñuel kanye no-Salvador Dalí. Isitayela sakhe sasilandela i-avant-garde yangaleso sikhathi nezingathekiso, ithonya labesifazane nempilo yezwe igcwele.. Umsebenzi wakhe wazuza ukuthandwa okukhulu futhi waba nomthelela omkhulu emsebenzini wakamuva wabanye ababhali; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubelokhu futhi usaqhubeka nokuba ngomunye wababhali abafundelwa kakhulu ezincwadini zesiSpanishi. Umsebenzi wezinkondlo obaluleke kakhulu: Inkondlo kaCante jondo (1921), Ukuthandana kwamaGypsy (1928), Imbongi eNew York (1930), amasonethi othando amnyama (1936).

Oluhlaza ngifuna wena oluhlaza.

UMiguel Hernandez (1910-1942)

UMiguel Hernández wazalelwa e-Orihuela (Alicante) emndenini owawuzoqala ukuhlupheka ngomnotho wawo. Ngaleso sizathu imbongi kwadingeka ishiye isikole ukuze isize abazali bayo. Noma kunjalo, Ilukuluku lakhe lokufunda kanye nentshisekelo yokufunda kwamholela ekutholeni izinkondlo zasendulo futhi washicilela izinkondlo zakhe komagazini bendawo njengokuthi Idolobha lase-Orihuela. Kodwa wayezodlulela eMadrid, lapho ayehlangana khona nabanye ababhali. Amathonya emibhalo adalwa ubudlelwano bakhe nababhali angamsiza ukuthi athuthuke njengombhali. Ngaphezu kokuzinikela ezinkondlweni zakhe, ubekhuthele kakhulu ngokubambisana okuhlukahlukene kwemibhalo namasiko.

Ngaphandle kokuhaya izinkondlo ubuye walima imidlalo yeshashalazi. UMiguel Hernández ungomunye wezingqalabutho zezincwadi futhi washona esemncane ngenxa yesifo sofuba esingalashwa kahle ejele, lapho afika khona ngemva kokulwa empini yombango ngasohlangothini lwe-republic. Lapho eseboshiwe, isigwebo sentambo sakhishwa, nakuba sashintshwa saba iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ejele. Kodwa njengoba ayegula, wayesezofela ejele lase-Alicante.

Umsebenzi wakhe wawuxhunywe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izinkondlo zempi", kodwa futhi unemibhalo ejulile kanye nama-odes kubalimi.. Nakuba ayengumbhali wesizukulwane se-27, isitayela sakhe sihluka kancane kweseqembu lonke. Amanye amaqoqo akhe aziwa kakhulu ezinkondlo yila Umbani ongapheli (1936), Umoya wasendaweni (1937), Umuntu uyabheda (1938) noma Incwadi yezingoma nama-ballads wokungabikho (1938-1941).

Ubani, okhulise izihlahla zomnqumo?

U-Antonio Machado (1875-1939)

Ngaphezu kokubhala izinkondlo, u-Antonio Machado wayebuye abe umbhali wemidlalo odumile nomxoxi wezindaba. Wayengowesizukulwane sika-98 futhi ungumfowabo wembongi uManuel Machado.. Wafunda e-Institución Libre de Enseñanza futhi wabandakanyeka emhlabeni wezincwadi wesikhathi sakhe, ejoyina abaculi nababhali eMadrid. Wayenguprofesa wolimi lwesiFulentshi futhi ukubaluleka kwakhe njengombhali weSpanishi kwamenza wangena eRoyal Academy of Language ngo-1927. Phakathi nempi yombango wahlala ematasa ngasohlangothini lwe-republic ukubheja ekuvikeleni inqubekelaphambili yamasiko. Washona ngo-1939 ngemva nje kokuwela umngcele waseFrance, eCoillure.

Nakuba ukulila ngokufa komkakhe osemncane kwamthwalisa kanzima isikhathi eside, uMachado wayezohlangana nowesifazane owamkhuthaza endalweni yakhe, uGuiomar odumile, anikela kuye izinkondlo zakhe eziningi. Isitayela sakhe sathonywa uhlangothi lwefilosofi nobuhlakani olwaluzololongwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kube izingoma zezinkondlo eSpain.. Ngesikhathi sakhe, uRubén Darío waseNicaragua wayezoba nethonya eliphelele kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe. Mayelana nomsebenzi wakhe wobunkondlo ugqama Izinkambu zeCastile (1912) futhi Izikhathi zokuhlala, zemibukiso kanye nezinye izinkondlo (1919).

Hlabelelani mhlaba wami ophonsa izimbali kuJesu wobuhlungu.

UJuan Ramon Jimenez (1881-1958)

UJuan Ramón Jiménez waklonyeliswa ngeNobel Prize for Literature ngo-1956. Phakathi nempi yombango wanquma ukushiya iSpain wayohlala phakathi kwe-United States, Cuba nePuerto Rico, lapho ayezofela khona. Umkakhe, uZenobia, wayenesisindo esibalulekile emsebenzini wakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathonya akhe avela kumfanekiso wesiFulentshi, i-modernism kanye noRubén Darío. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe uye wahlukahluka kulo lonke uhambo olunzulu lwemibhalo, ehamba phakathi imizwa kanye ne-melancholy, ukudlula okubalulekile nokungokomoya, ubuhle kanye nencazelo yokufa.

umsebenzi wakhe ku-prose UPlatero nami (1914) ungomunye owaziwa kakhulu futhi okhethekile wombhali. Incwadi yakhe yezinkondlo edume kakhulu ngokuqinisekile Isizungu esinamandla (1911), nakuba futhi evelele ngobuhle bakhe; futhi njengoba umsebenzi wakhe ubanzi kakhulu, ukukhetha kanye ne-anthologies eyenziwe ngomsebenzi wakhe wezinkondlo kungagqanyiswa ngokukhethekile.

Uzongizwisa ubuhlungu yini wena kufa?

UGustavo Adolfo Bécquer (1836-1870)

Wayengumbhali we-prose wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kanye nembongi, i-exponent ye-Spanish Romanticism. Wazalelwa eSeville indodana yomndeni wendabuko yaseFlemish, abathengisi nabadwebi. Wathonywa kakhulu ubuciko futhi kusukela esemncane wahlakulela ikhono lobuciko ekudwebeni, ukudweba nomculo.. Lesi siyalo sokugcina sizoba yisisekelo emibhalweni yakhe. Ngandlela thize wayehaya izinkondlo zakhe njengoba ebuye ahaye imiculo. Kodwa u-Bécquer wayezoba umlobi odumile esimazi ngencwadi ehambisana nokungqubuzana yena ngokwakhe akuthola empilweni yakhe. Waphathwa isifo sofuba esemncane, isifo esasizomlahlekisela ngokuphila kwakhe..

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubhala kwakhe kuhlukaniswe phakathi kokuphakeme nokudumile, kodwa ukuzwela kwakhe okuzohlanganisa wonke umsebenzi wakhe. Imvelo nothando lukaplatonic, olugqugquzelwe ngabesifazane abahlukahlukene empilweni yakhe, luzophinde lube ezinye izingqikithi ezibalulekile nezinsiza emsebenzini wakhe. Ngokufanayo, cunxephezela kahle kakhulu ikhono lakhe lokulandisa ngenkulumo esankondlo yokuthi yiziphi izidalwa zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu, Imilolotelo y Izinganekwane.

Uyizinkondlo.

UFrancisco de Quevedo (1580-1645)

UFrancisco de Quevedo wayengowomndeni ohlonishwayo futhi wafunda eNyuvesi yase-Alcalá de Henares. Ngaphezu kokuba ngumbhali, wayeneqhaza elihlukile kwezombusazwe ngesikhathi sakhe. Emzimbeni, wagqama ngokuba isishosha nokuba nezinkinga ezinkulu zamehlo. Ubutha bakhe nokungqubuzana kobuhlakani nomunye wababhali abakhulu be-Baroque yaseSpain, uLuis de Góngora, kwakwaziwa kusukela ekuqaleni.. Nokho, wabuye walondoloza ubudlelwano obuqinile namanye amalungu eNkantolo YaseCastilian futhi wahileleka ezinqubweni ezehlukene ezamholela ejele isikhathi esithile.

Umsebenzi wezinkondlo kaQuevedo uyinselele enkulu ekuhlakanipheni komfundi. Igcwele isingathekiso, i-neologisms, i-puns, izithombe zemizwa, noma izinkomba zezinganekwane okuthi esikhundleni sokuchitheka enkondlweni, zidale ukunotha okuvezayo.. UFrancisco de Quevedo uyisibonelo sombhali we-Spanish Golden Age, esinye sezikhathi ezingcono kakhulu zezincwadi zethu. Lo mbhali waziwa ngokuthuthukisa i-conceptism, isitayela sokubhala esizuza ngazo zonke lezi zinsiza ukwenza lula komqondo ngenxa yokuhlangana kwemibono. Okubonakala kuhlangene kakhulu noma kuhlobisa empeleni kufingqa imibono ngokunembile. Emsebenzini wakhe ama-sonnets akhe, izinkondlo zakhe ezihlekisayo kanye nenkondlo yakhe ethi "Uthando Oluqhubekayo ngaphezu kokufa" zidume kakhulu..

Bazoba ngothuli, nothuli oluningi lothando.

U-Luis de Gongora (1561-1627)

U-Luis de Góngora, umngane wekhulu leminyaka no-Quevedo, naye wayekwazi ukuhlukana nezincwadi zasendulo ngenxa yolimi lwakhe olusha. Ngifunda eNyuvesi yaseSalamanca. Wazalelwa emkhayeni ocebile futhi wayengusohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli esontweni lombhishobhi laseCórdoba futhi kamuva umfundisi weNkosi uFelipe III.. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, wayehlale efuna ukunethezeka ngokwezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahlanjalazwa ngenxa yokusaphaza kwakhe kanye nesimilo sakhe esicashile ngenxa yezikhundla zenkolo ayenazo.

Uma u-Quevedo wayengumsunguli we-conceptism, U-Góngora wayemele i-culteranismo, omunye umugqa wezinkondlo we-Spanish Golden Age. Ibuye ibonakale ngokunotha kwayo okucacile kanye nokuba nekhono kwezinsiza zokubhala; Nokho, isimo senkondlo (ukusetshenziswa kwamagama nesakhiwo somusho) sasibaluleke kakhulu kunokuqukethwe noma umyalezo ngokwawo. Imisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu yile I-Polyphemus y Izikhathi zokuhlala, ezakudala zezincwadi ze-universal letter of Hispanic letters. Iphinde igqamise i Inganekwane yePyramus kanye nethi Thisbe. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, u-Góngora wayengomunye wababhali abakhulu baseSpain besikhathi sonke futhi ngenxa yobuhlakani bakhe usabeka ijubane kanye noFrancisco de Quevedo ezinkondlweni zangaleso sikhathi.

Ezweni, emsini, othulini, ethunzini, akukho lutho.

I-Lope de Vega (1562-1635)

Wazalelwa eMadrid, emndenini othobekile. Kusukela esemncane waqala ukufunda nokutadisha namaJesuit. Waqala nokuqamba imibhalo yakhe yokuqala esemncane. U-Lope de Vega wagcina impilo yemizwa esebenzayo; Wayenezingane ezibhaliwe eziyishumi nanhlanu, phakathi kwezingane ezisemthethweni nezingekho emthethweni. Lokhu kungase kube esinye sezici zempilo yakho ezigqama kakhulu. Izinkinga zakhe zesiketi zamholela ekudingisweni isikhathi esithile futhi wahlanganisa ukubhala nebutho lasolwandle. Wayesebenzela izicukuthwane ezihlukene enza umsebenzi wokuphatha, kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi kwadingeka asebenze kanzima ukuze ondle zonke izingane zakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe njengombhali wawubanzi kakhulu..

Ingeka-Golden Age futhi yaba nezingxabano zayo nombhali omkhulu kunabo bonke ngolimi lwesiCastilian, uMiguel de Cervantes. Izingxabano phakathi kwalezi ziqhwaga zazivamile ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba aziwa kakhulu ngemidlalo yakhe, izinkondlo zikaLope de Vega zingenye yezincwadi ezivelele kakhulu zeSpanishi. Amathonethi akhe awumsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu, kodwa imilolozelo yakhe nayo igqamile.. Ngemuva kwenhlekelele ekhona kanye nokushona komkakhe wokugcina nendodana yakhe ayithandayo U-Lope de Vega wanquma ukuba umpristi. Okwalesi sikhathi kukhona Imilolotelo Engcwele. Okunye okubalulekile yilezi Imilolozelo yabantu neyaphezulu kaMnu Burguillos.

Uthando lolu, owaluzamayo uyalwazi.

USanta John weSiphambano (1542-1591)

Wazalelwa eFontiveros (Ávila) futhi wayengumfundisi wenkolo nembongi. Nguye owakhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwe-Order of Our Lady yaseNtabeni iKarmeli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wayengumsunguli we-Order of the Discalced Carmelites kanye noSaint Teresa of Jesus, ukusekela okukhulu kuye. Wagcotshwa ngo-1726 nguPapa Benedict XIII. Uye waba nomthelela omkhulu emsebenzini wabanye ababhali bakamuva bakazwelonke nabakwamanye amazwe..

Wayengummeleli omkhulu wezinkondlo ezingaqondakali, ezitholakala ekupheleni kwe-Renaissance yaseSpain. Umsebenzi wakhe wobunkondlo kufanele uqondwe njengochungechunge lwezenzakalo ezingokwenkolo eziphakeme. UJohane Ongcwele Wesiphambano uguqula ukuthula kokuzindla nokuthandaza kube amazwi ngendlela elinganiselwe kodwa engavamile. Umsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu Ubusuku obumnyama, Ingoma engokomoya y ilangabi eliphilayo lothando.

Hlala, ungikhohlwe, ubuso bami buhlale phezu koThandeka.