Isizukulwane sama-98

Impela uyakhumbula kusukela eminyakeni yakho esikoleni kanye / noma esikoleni esiphakeme ukuba nayo wafunda iGeneration of 98 ekilasini lolimi nezincwadi. Mhlawumbe kungenzeka nokuthi, njengoba usunezingane, kuzofanele uphinde ufunde nazo ukuze zikwazi ukuzifunda. Uma kunjalo, khona-ke uze endaweni efanele ngoba sizokutshela ngakho.

Futhi uma kungenjalo, kuhle ngaso sonke isikhathi ukukhumbula ingxenye yomlando waseSpain, ikakhulukazi ingxenye yombhalo, ngoba ngababhali ababeyingxenye yeSizukulwane sama-98 babebaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sabo futhi benomthelela, hhayi eSpain kuphela , kepha nasezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Hlala wazi okuningi ngabo.

Sivele kanjani isizukulwane sika '98

Isizukulwane sika -98 empeleni yigama leqembu lababhali abahlangana ndawonye ngenhloso yokubhekana nesimo bonke ababebhekene naso, esibonakala ngenkinga yokuziphatha, kwezenhlalo, kwezepolitiki nakwezomnotho eSpain, umphumela wokulahleka kweCuba, iPuerto Rico nePhilippines.

Sikhuluma ngokukhethekile ngonyaka we-1898, Ngesikhathi lapho, ngenxa yokwehla kombuso waseSpain nokusayinwa kwesivumelwano okwalahleka kuso amakoloni amaningana aseSpain-America, umphakathi wawufakwa esimweni sokungajabuli nentukuthelo, ababhali abaningi ababeyithumela futhi beyikhombisa emisebenzini yabo .

Ekuqaleni, iqembu lalikhona eyakhiwe ngababhali abathathu kuphela: uPío Baroja, u-Azorín noRamiro de Maeztu, eyaziwa ngokuthi "Abathathu", okuyisiteketiso abasayina ngaso izindatshana ezishicilelwe kwabezindaba zangaleso sikhathi. Kepha kancane kancane bakhuphuka ngesibalo, bengeza ababhali abaningi, kufika kubantu abangaphezu kwama-20 abavela ezincwadini zangaleso sikhathi: u-Ángel Ganivet, Miguel de Unamuno, u-Enrique de Mesa, u-Antonio noManuel Machado, uRicardo Baroja, uRamón María del Valle - Inclán, Gabriel y Galán, Manuel Gómez Moreno, Miguel Asín Palacios, Francisco Villaespesa, uRamón Menéndez Pidal, uJacinto Benavente, uCarlos Arniches, uJoaquín noSerafín Álvarez Quintero.

Izici 'Generation '98

Laba babhali, becasulwe yilokhu okwenzekile, baqala "umkhankaso" wokubhikisha komphakathi obonakala ngochungechunge lwezimo ezilawula imibhalo yabo. Lezi izi:

I-Flaunt Spain

Ukumvikela futhi ezwakalisa uthando lwakhe ngaye. Ngakho-ke, kubo "izwe lakubo" kanye nomongo wezwe kubalulekile. Kubo, isidingo sokuvuselelwa, hhayi kuphela ezenhlalo, ezepolitiki, kepha nezobuciko kuyinto eza kuqala.

Bayabenqaba onxiwankulu

Uma ucabanga ukuthi lesi sigaba senhlalo sinye kuphela umphakathi onqotshiwe nokwehluleka ukuthi akusizi okuhle (futhi kuncane kakhulu eSpain).

Babucayi kakhulu

Esimweni sezepolitiki kanye nezinkambiso zenhlalo ezilawula izwe, kwesinye isikhathi ziphikisana nazo, ikakhulukazi uma lezo zinkambiso zingqubuzana nezindinganiso zakhe zokuthanda izwe noma uthando lweSpain.

Bakha izinhlobo ezintsha zemibhalo

Ukulandela imiyalo yabo, lapho izincwadi futhi zazidinga "ushintsho," babeyi- amaphayona ekunikezeni incwadi entsha, njengesibonelo okungenangqondo, igatsha lemidlalo yaseshashalazini; noma inoveli ye-impressionist.

Ukukunikeza isibonelo, u-Azorín mhlawumbe wayengomunye wababhali bokuqala besikhathi eSpain owanquma ukuthi abalingiswa bakhe kufanele bathathe uhambo babuyele emuva ngesikhathi, lapho lokho kwakungacabangeki.

Bona-ke, banqume ukusondeza izincwadi kakhulu kubafundi, zenze ziqondakale, ngakho-ke baqala ukusebenzisa amabinzana alula, ngolimi oluqaphile kodwa wonke umuntu ewaqonda. Futhi kufushane; ngomusho wamagama ambalwa bakwazile ukudlulisa uquqaba lwemibono noma ukwenza abantu bacabange ngalokho abasanda kukufunda.

Ababhali abakhulu beGeneration of '98

Njengoba sibonile ngaphambili, iGeneration of '98 yayingeyona indaba yabalobi abathathu nje. Kwakunabanye abaningi futhi kufanele ukuphawula kancane mayelana nababhali abakhulu, ukuqala ngeqembu le- 'The Three'.

I-Pío Baroja

UBaroja, kanye nababhali ababili abalandelayo, wayengomunye wezinsika zeSizukulwane sika '98. Ngaleso sikhathi, imisebenzi yakhe yayithonywe yizimfanelo zale nhlangano, lapho ukungabi nathemba nokungahlaliseki kwakukhona emibhalweni yakhe yezincwadi.

Kulokhu, UBaroja usebenzise amahlaya akhe abucayi nawokubhuqa ukukhuluma ngeqiniso leSpain, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye wayezama ukwenza abafundi bavuke babone ukuthi into enhle kakhulu ezweni ukuthi lizivuselele, liguquke libe nelingcono.

Kumele kushiwo ngoPío Baroja ukuthi wayengumuntu ongenathemba futhi othukuthele kakhulu. Mhlawumbe "okushisayo" kakhulu kulo lonke iqembu kwazise ubengahambisani impela futhi engomunye wabokuqala ukuthambekela "ekuqapheleni".

I-Azorin

Endabeni ka-Azorín, noma igama lakhe langempela, uJosé Martínez Ruiz, wayene ukufinyelela ezincwadini ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe njengentatheli. Ngalesi sizathu, ngokuba semgqeni wokuqala "wolwazi", wakwazi ukubona izinkinga zenhlalo nezomnotho ezabe zenzeka ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amakoloni eSpain, nokuthi kufanele kwenziwe kanjani ushintsho ezweni ukuze bekungavuseleleka futhi kuphume futhi.

Endabeni ka-Azorín, uphikisana ngokuphelele noPio Baroja. Ngomqondo wokuthi wayenomoya ophansi futhi ebuka, ezwela kakhulu futhi wakwazi ukwazisa ngisho nemininingwane emincane kakhulu eyabekwa phambi kwakhe.

Ngalesi sizathu, ukuthanda kwakhe iSpain, ukubukeka komhlaba, ukwehla kwesikhashana nokuhamba kwesikhathi kuveze wonke umsebenzi wakhe.

URamiro de Maeztu Esizukulwaneni sika '98

UMaeztu, ngaphezu kokuba ngumbhali, wayeyintatheli. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, wayesondelene nabezindaba futhi wakwazi ukushicilela izindatshana eziningi eziphathelene nokuvikela izwe laseSpain kanye nezindinganiso zeSpanishi, ezama ukwenza abantu abaningi baziwe nezwe lakhe.

Noma ekuqaleni bekukhona engajahile futhi enobuhlakani obukhulu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi imibhalo yakhe yayigcinwa kakhulu, ngaso sonke isikhathi sisemthanjeni ofanayo, kodwa ngomyalezo oheha kakhudlwana.

Miguel de Unamuno

U-Unamuno wajoyina iGeneration of 98 ngemuva nje kokudalwa kusukela abelana ngendlela yakhe efanayo yokucabanga nabanye ababhali futhi wakubonisa lokho emisebenzini yakhe, lapho kubonakala khona izici ezifanayo naleli qembu.

KuMiguel de Unamuno ubonwa njengohlobo "lomholi" weqembu ngenxa yalowo moya wokulwa nokuhlubuka okwathi, noma esemdala, wayazi ukuthi angahlala kanjani eqinile. Kuyena, iSpain nempilo yabantu kwakuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi wazama ukuthonya wonke umuntu owayefuna ukumlalela noma ukumfunda.