UFernando de Rojas.
Celestine Ithathwa njengomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezincwadi zaseSpain ngenxa yokufaneleka kwayo ngokomlando. Okuqukethwe kwayo kukhombisa imininingwane ebalulekile maqondana nokuguqulwa kobuciko namasiko ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Futhi bekuyisikhathi sokuguqula izincwadi ngenxa yemisebenzi emisha ekusetshenzisweni kolimi kanye nezinguquko kwisitayela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Celestine itholwe izazi eziningi zemibhalo ngaphakathi kohlobo lwe-tragicomedy. Noma kunjalo, Kunzima ukuhlukanisa lo msebenzi ngaphakathi kohlobo oluthile, ngoba ukufa nenhlekelele kuyizinto ezibalulekile entuthukweni. Ngokufanayo, ukubhala kwale ngxenye kuveza imibuzo engakaxazululwa ngokuphelele amakhulu eminyaka.
Ubunikazi be- Celestine
UFernando de Rojas ubhekwe njengombhali we Celestine. Kodwa-ke, imithombo eminingi isikisela ukuthi lo mbhali waseSpain wagcwalisa kuphela umbhalo owalungiswa umbhali ongaziwa. Mayelana nobunikazi bombhali ongaziwa —Isenzo sikabani sokuqala esahlala esakhiweni esiqondile socezu— Izazi-mlando zikhomba kuMenéndez noPelayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa komlando kaFernando de Rojas
Wazalelwa eLa Puebla de Montalbán, eToledo, eSpain, ngo-1470, emndenini wamaJuda aguqukile ahlukunyezwa yiNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki. Uthole iziqu zeBachelor of Laws eNyuvesi yaseSalamanca. Lapho, abafundi kwakudingeka bafunde iminyaka emithathu e-Faculty of Arts. Lapho, mhlawumbe, wathola khona ulwazi lwefilosofi yamaGreki kanye nezincwadi zakudala zesiLatini.
E-Talavera, uRojas wasebenza njengommeli futhi iminyaka ethile waba yiMeya ngaphambi kokushona ngo-1541. Yize aziwa nje ukuthi unencwadi eyodwa azenzele yona -Celestine- kungumsebenzi oyisisekelo wezinhlamvu zaseSpain. Umbhali uqobo uvumile encwadini ukuthi uthole isenzo sokuqala esibhaliwe futhi, njengoba ebesithanda kakhulu, uthathe isinqumo sokusiqedela.
Izinguqulo ze- Celestine
I-Celestine.
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
Uhlobo lokuqala olwaziwayo, Amahlaya kaCalisto noMelibea (eshicilelwe ngokungaziwa eBurgos), isukela ngo-1499 futhi inezenzo eziyi-16. Ngo-1502 yanyatheliswa ngaphansi kwegama lika Usizi nguCalisto noMelibea. Yize umdlalo udlondlobala, ubude bawo - inguqulo yakamuva inezenzo ezingama-21 - kwenza kungabi lula ukuwufaka esiteji.
Impela, Celestine lalibhalelwe ukuthi lifundwe yizihlakaniphi zosuku noma ngokuzwakalayo kubalaleli abafundile. Ngakho-ke, lo mbhalo wesandla wadlula ezandleni eziningi ngaphambi kokufinyelela kubaphrinta, ababenezela izifinyezo ezandulele esenzweni ngasinye. Eqinisweni, kusukela ekuveleni kwenguqulo yokuqala kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-109, izinhlobo ezingu-XNUMX zomsebenzi ziyaziwa.
Isifingqo
Isenzo sokuqala
UCalisto uthandana noMelibea ngokushesha nje lapho embona okokuqala esivandeni sakhe (wangena kuleyo ndawo ejaha uklebe). Uyancenga, intombazane iyamlahla. Ekhaya, uCallisto uxoxela izinceku zakhe izehlakalo, phakathi kwazo, uSempronio uthembisa ukuthola usizo lomthakathi odumile (uCelestina). Kepha, owokugcina nenceku bahlela ukukhohlisa lo protagonist.
Amaqhinga
Isangoma sithola izinhlamvu zemali zegolide endlini kaCallisto ngenhloso yokuthakatha. UPármeno, omunye umsebenzi waseCalisto, uxwayisa ngeze ngokukhwabanisa okwenziwa enkosini yakhe, oshisekela ithemba. Ngakho-ke, uSempronio ukhulisa okulindelwe kuye kokuthola inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu ekukhohlisweni futhi ayidlulisele kuCelestina. Okulandelayo, umthakathi uye kubo kaMelibea.
Lapho efika, uhlangana noLucrecia (incekukazi) no-Alisa (umama kaMelibea). Lesi sakamuva sicabanga ukuthi uCelestina uza ngezinjongo zokuhweba. Lapho uMelibea ezazi izinhloso zangempela zesalukazi, uyathukuthela. Kepha uCelestina ukwazile ukuncenga le ntokazi futhi ushiya indawo ngentambo yalokhu, okuyinto, azoyisebenzisa ukuqedela umlingo.
Ukukhohlisa nemibimbi
En Indlu kaCalisto, uCelestina “uyakufakazela” ukubaluleka kwakhe ngokumbonisa ibhande lekhanda likaMelibea. Lapho nje inkosi encane yehlise umoya, isalukazi sithatha umhlalaphansi siye ekhaya noPármeno. Inceku ikhumbuza uCelestina ngesithembiso asenza kuye: ukuletha u-Areúsa (omunye wabafundi bakhe) kuye. Emzini kaCelestina, isivumelwano siyagcwaliseka.
Ngemuva kokuchitha ubusuku no-Areúsa, uPármeno ubhekene noSempronio ngokushesha nje lapho ebuyela esizindeni sikaCelestino. Ngemuva kokushintshana ngemibono, zombili lezi zinceku zinquma ukuhlangana ukufeza izinhlelo zazo ezithile. Kamuva, Izisebenzi zikaCalisto ziza kwaCelestina zizodla no-Elicia (omunye wabafundi besalukazi) no-Areúsa.
Amanga amaningi
UCelestina ubizelwa endlini kaMelibea edlula eLucrecia. Ngemuva kwalokho, intombazane ivuma isalukazi uthando lwayo ngoCallisto bese isicela ukuthi sihlele usuku oluyimfihlo nale nsizwa. Kodwa-ke, u-Alisa akazizwa ekhululekile ngobudlelwano obuphakathi kwendodakazi yakhe noCelestina ngenxa yedumela elibi lalesi salukazi. Kepha le ntokazi inquma ukuqamba amanga ivikele umthakathi.
Ukucaphuna kukaFernando de Rojas.
Lapho uCelestina emtshela ngosuku lwakhe oluhleliwe phakathi kwamabili noMelibea, uCalisto umnikeza iketanga legolide njengophawu lokubonga. Lapho isikhathi okuvunyelwene ngaso sifika, abafana bayahlangana, baxoxe isikhashana bese bevumelana ngomhlangano wesibili wesikhathi esizayo. Lapho ebuyela ekhaya, uMelibea umangazwa ngubaba wakhe, yize ekwazi ukumqambela izaba.
Ukuhaha
USempronio noPármeno bafika emzini kaCelestina bezocela isabelo sabo semali engenayo. Kepha isalukazi siyenqaba, ngenxa yalokho, bayasibulala. Esenzweni esilandelayo, uCallisto ufunda kuSosia noTristán (ezinye izinceku zakhe ezimbili) ngokufa kukaSempronio noPármeno. Babulawelwe esigcawini somphakathi bephindisela ubugebengu ababenzile.
Impindiselo namaqhinga
UCalisto ufika sekwedlule isikhathi (ephelezelwa uSosia noTristán) kuze kube usuku lwesibili noMelibea, ngakho-ke, abantu abasha banesikhathi esincane ndawonye. Okwamanje, U-Areúsa no-Elicia babiza uCenturio ukuze abasize baphindisele ngokufa komfundisi wabo nabathandi babo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uPleberio no-Alisa (abazali bakaMelibea) bakhuluma ngokushada naye kalula.
Ukuphela kabuhlungu
U-Areúsa uthola imininingwane eyengeziwe yokwenza uhlelo lwakhe ngenxa yeSosia engaqaphile. Impindiselo izophela emhlanganweni olandelayo phakathi kukaCalisto noMelibea. Ngesikhathi seqiniso, izisebenzi zikaCallisto ziyakwazi ukubalekela iTraso (umbulali oqashwe uCenturio). Ngeshwa, lapho uCallisto ephuma eyobona okwenzekayo, uyashibilika, awe phansi esitebhisini afe.
UMelibea odangele ukhuphukela esiqongweni sombhoshongo ukuze azenyeze, acele intethelelo, futhi avume kuyise ngokuhlangana kwakhe noCallisto. Ubhekene nesimo sokuphelelwa yithemba, UPleberio ubona kuphela kude ukuthi indodakazi yakhe izibulala kanjani ngemuva kokungena esikhaleni. Ekugcineni, uyise wentokazi ulandisa le micimbi nonkosikazi wakhe agcine esekhala engathuleki.