I-Bust of Homer
Ngo-1870, uJohann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann, usozigidi wasePrussia owazalelwa ePrussia kanye nomvubukuli oyimfundamakhwela, wahola lolu hambo olwathola izinsalela zeTroy. Ngakho, ukuba khona kwedolobha elichazwe nguHomer ku I-Iliad, enye yezinkondlo ezidumile kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona.
Izindawo zokuhlala e- Hissarlik, igquma elihlangene noMsele iDardanelles (Turkey). Impi eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokubhujiswa kwedolobha elikhulu laseTrojan yenzeka lapho. ngamaGreki aseMycenaean cishe ngonyaka we-1250 BC Khona-ke, isifunda sasihlalwa amaHellenes namaRoma ngendlela engapheli kuze kube s. XIII AD Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, konke okwaziwayo ngedolobha lasenganekwaneni kwavela ezincwadini zikaHomer.
Wayengubani uHomer?
Naphezu kokuba elinye lamagama adumile ezincwadi zasendulo, osomlando abaqedi ukufinyelela ukuvumelana nxazonke Homer. Isizathu: akunakwenzeka ukwazi ngokuqiniseka ukuthi waphila noma cha, njengoba—kuze kube manje—abukho ubufakazi obuqinile bokuba khona kwakhe obuqoqiwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uphenyo oluningi luphetha ngokuthi empeleni kwakungababhali abaningana bangaleso sikhathi.
abanye ongoti emlandweni bayaqinisa lokho izinkondlo ezingapheli zikaHomer -I-Iliad y I-odyssey- ziyinhlanganisela yesiko lasendulo lamaGreki. Kunoma yikuphi, inganekwane ikhomba imbongi eyimpumputhe yekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, eyazalelwa edolobheni elithile laseGreece Lasendulo. (Izindawo okungenzeka kube yi-Argos, Athens, Colophon, Smyrna, Ithaca, Chios, Rhodes, noma iSalamis.)
Ukubaluleka kwe Iliad
Okokuqala, isiko nobuciko basendulo bamaGreki buhlonishwa njengempande yokubonakaliswa kwawo wonke amasiko aseNtshonalanga. Ngakho-ke, Izinkondlo ezidumile zikaHomer zimelela iwindi eliyimfihlakalo elivumele impucuko yesimanje ukuthi yazi ubuhle, ubuciko kanye amasiko aseGrisi lasendulo.
Ngomqondo ocace kakhudlwana, I-Iliad iveza impi ngendlela eqondile ngokuhlukana kwama-archetypes (Achilles, Hector, Andromaca)... Lesi sakhiwo sabalingiswa esavela ngaleso sikhathi besilokhu sihlala njalo ezincwadini kuze kube namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokudluliselwa ngomlomo lisuka kwesinye isizukulwane liye kwesinye iminyaka eminingi, lithuthukisa ukubaluleka kwalesi sihloko.
Ucezu lwe-Iliad
I-Canto III
“U-Iris, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuHelen ephethe izingalo ezimhlophe, kwafika isithunywa, komunye wodadewabo bakadadewabo abafana naye, lowo uHelicaon, indodana ka-Antenor, ayenomkakhe, uLaodica, ebusweni bakhe kakhulu. ehlukanisa amadodakazi ayenawo uPriam .
Wamfumana esigodlweni sakhe, lapho weluke isembatho esikhulu esiyibubende, ingubo ephindwe kabili, efekethiswe phezu kwayo imisebenzi eminingi yamathole eThrojani, namathafa amathole, nama-Akhaeya ahlome ngezivikelo zesifuba zethusi, ababehlupheka ngenxa yakhe phansi kwezandla zabangcwele. izandla ze-Ares.
Isifingqo
Umqondo
I-Iliad ayifaki zonke izenzakalo eziphathelene nempi phakathi kweTroy neGrisi. Kufanele kukhunjulwe lokho ukungqubuzana kwaqala ngemva kokubaleka kuka-Helena ukuze ahambe noParis, inkosana yaseTroy. Lokho kuphunyuka kwamcasula uMeneus, owacela usizo lomfowabo u-Agamemnon—inkosi yaseMycenae—ukuba ahlasele umuzi owawubuswa iNkosi uPriam futhi ahlenge umkakhe.
Isifo
Njengoba impi ingena onyakeni wayo weshumi, abakwaHellenes bagasela edolobheni laseChrysa. Phakathi nokuphanga, abaholi base-Achaean bathumba amantombazane amabili amahle njengemiklomelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Agamemnon wathatha uChryseis, kuyilapho u-Achilles - echazwa njengeqhawe elihle, elinamandla futhi elishesha kunawo wonke - wathumba uBriseis.
Ngemuva kwalokho Izinkinga -umpristi kaCrisa, uyise kaCriseida futhi ozinikele ka-Apollo - wacela ize ukuthi indodakazi yakhe ibuyiselwe enkosini eshiwo ngenhla. Ekubhekaneni nokwenqaba, abenkolo bacela usizo kunkulunkulu welanga, owathumela ubhadane lwamagundane ekamu lamaGreki. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, umboni uCalchas wabikezela ukuthi lolu bhubhane lwaluzoqhubeka kuze kube yilapho intombi okukhulunywa ngayo ikhululwa.
Ulaka luka-Achilles
Ukuqhuma kwe-Achilles
Ngemva kokuzithoba encekwini yakhe, U-Agamemnon wanquma ukuthatha uBriseis. Ngokulandelana, U-Achilles wathukuthela futhi wakhetha ukuphuma ekamu (ngemvume kaZeus). Futhi, i-demigod yacela usizo lukanina, unkulunkulukazi uTethys. Lokhu kwalamula ukuqeda impi phakathi kwamaGreki namaTrojan ngenxa yokungenelela kukaZeus. Kodwa isivumelwano ngokushesha siphulwa yiTrojans.
I-duel
Unkulunkulu ophakeme kakhulu we-Olympus wabonakala ephusheni ku-Agamemnon ukuze amsole ukuthi kufanele aqhubeke nokuhlasela kweTroy. Lapho impi iqala kabusha, uParis wahlongoza impi kaMenelaus, wavuma. Khonamanjalo, u-Agamemnon noHector, inkosana yeThrojani ephethe ukuvikela idolobha, bavuma ukuthi owinile uzohlala noHelen futhi azimemezele ukuthi ungumnqobi wayo yonke impi.
Impi yayibukwa uHelen noPriam kusukela ezindongeni zedolobha kuze kube yilapho uMeneus elimaza iParis. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Aphrodite wangenela ukuze ahlenge owokugcina futhi amshiye ephephile ekamelweni lakhe no-Helena. Ngokuhambisanayo, UZeus wabiza abanye onkulunkulu base-Olympus ngenhloso yokuqeda lezi zingxabano futhi uvimbele ukubhujiswa kweTroy.
Ithonya lonkulunkulu
UHera - umkaZeus - wamelana ngokuqinile nesivumelwano ngenxa yokugxambukela kwangaphambili kukankulunkulukazi wothando (amzondayo). Ngakho, unkulunkulu wokuduma wathumela u-athena ukuba aphule isivumelwano sokumiswa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha waqinisekisa uPandarus ukuba adubule uMeneus ngomcibisholo. Zaqala kanjalo-ke izitha.
Ngasohlangothini lwamaGreki, ophefumulelwe (ngu-Athena) uDiomedes wabulala uPandarus futhi wacishe wabulala u-Aeneas, ukube kwakungekhona ukugxambukela kuka-Aphrodite.. Kodwa-ke, unkulunkulu wothando naye walimala, okwenza u-Ares angenele. Ngaleso sikhathi, uHector wabutha inqwaba yabesifazane enqabeni yaseTroy ukuze azolise u-Athena ngomthandazo.
Hloniphani
U-Héctor wakhuza umfowabo uParis ngokuyeka ukulwa futhi wambuyisela emaphethelweni edolobha. Ngake ngisenkundleni yempi, U-Hector ucele impi lapho kungekho khona umGreki owaba nesibindi sokuphendula ekuqaleni. Khona-ke uMeneus wazinikela, kodwa u-Agamemnon wamvimbela ukuba alwe. Ekugcineni, i-Ajax ikhethwe ilotho ukuze ibhekane nomqaphi weTrojan.
Ngemva kwamahora amaningi okulwa, kwakungekho ophumelele phakathi kukaHector ne-Ajax, empeleni, bobabili amaqhawe babona ikhono lomphikisi wabo. Ngesikhathi sokuxabana, abakwaHellenes bathatha ithuba lokwakha udonga ukuze bavikele imikhumbi yabo ogwini lolwandle.
I-Trojan Advance
UZeus wamemezela ukunqoba ekugcineni kwamaTrojan futhi wabikezela ngokufa kukaPatroclus, umzala nomngane oseduze ka-Achilles. Ngempela, amaTrojans azungeza ikamu lamaHellenic futhi abe nethuba elihle lokunqoba okuqinisekile. Naphezu kokuwohloka kwesimo samasosha angamaGreki kanye neqiniso lokuthi amaqhawe amaGreki angcono kakhulu alimala, u-Achilles wamelana nokulwa futhi.
Ukwengeza, uZeus wacela onkulunkulu ukuthi bangenzi ngokuthanda noma yiluphi uhlangothi. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, UPatroclus wacela u-Achilles izikhali zokuhola ibutho lamaGreki, nakuba lesi sakamuva samxwayisa ukuba angahambeli kude kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, owokuqala wasishaya indiva isixwayiso - eqiniswa yimpumelelo yakhe ekuqedeni inqwaba yezitha - wagcina efile ezandleni zikaHector (esizwa u-Apollo).
Ukubuya kwe-Achilles
UHector wahlwitha izikhali zika-Achilles esidunjini sikaPatroclus. Ngemuva kwemizuzwana embalwa, kwaqubuka impi egcwele igazi ezungeze umzimba onqunu womnqobi ngoba ama-Achaeans ayefuna ukuwuthola ukuze amnike udumo lomngcwabo. Lapho u-Achilles ethola ukuthi kwenzekeni, waduduzwa unina uThetis., owamnika izikhali ezintsha ngoba esenqume ukulwa futhi.
Umlando kaHelen waseTroy
Amasosha eTrojan, esaba ukubuya kuka-Achilles, ayefuna ukuphephela ezindongeni zedolobha lawo, kodwa uHector wathi wayesekulungele ukubhekana nonkulunkulu. Okwamanje, UZeus wabonisa onkulunkulu ukuthi bangangenela bavune uhlangothi ababelufuna. Ngempela, u-Athena, uHera, uPoseidon noHermes bakhetha ama-Achaeans, kanti u-Aphrodite, u-Apollo, u-Ares no-Artemis basekela iTrojans.
Impindiselo
Onkulunkulu beza ukulwa bodwa ngenkathi amabutho aholwa u-Achilles ononya futhi ongenakunqotshwa aphoqa ukuhoxiswa kwamaTrojans. Ekugcineni, uHector kwadingeka abhekane ne-demigod ngemva kokuzama ukuphunyuka kuye ngokuvikelwa kwefu elithunyelwe ngu-Apollo. Kunoma ikuphi, idayi yaphonswa: UHector wabulawa indodana kaThetis.
Ngemuva kwalokho U-Achilles wabophela isidumbu sikaHector enqoleni emaqakaleni. wase emhudula ezungeza izindonga zaseTroy ngaphansi kobuso obushaqisayo buka-Andromache (unkosikazi kamufi) noPriam. Ukungaphathwa kahle kwesidumbu kudonse izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye kulandela ukubungazwa kwemidlalo yomngcwabo ngemuva kokushiswa kwesidumbu sikaPatroclus.
Ububele
Onkulunkulu bathukuthela ngezenzo zika-Achilles futhi baphefumulela u-Priam ukuba ahlasele ikamu le-Achaean. Laphaya, inkosi yaseTrojan yancenga ukuba kubuyiswe izinsalela zendodana yayo ukuze ingcwatshwe ngendlela efanele; U-Achilles wavuma. Ngokulandelayo, i-demigod ne-monarch balilela ukushonelwa abathandekayo babo ndawonye. Indaba ivala ngokuhlonipha uHector eTroy.