Intokazi yokusa.
Intokazi yokusa Ingcezu emnandi eyenziwe yi-Spanish Alejandro Rodríguez Álvarez (owaziwa kangcono ngaphansi kwegama lesiteji u-Alejandro Casona). Imayelana nokwenziwa samuntu kokufa ngomuntu wesifazane omuhle kakhulu futhi ongaqondakali. Ogqekeza esifubeni somndeni ukuguqula izimpilo zawo wonke amalungu awo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo msebenzi uyisibonelo se "dramaturgy njengesitayela sokubhala". Kodwa-ke, labo ababhalela amatafula empeleni bacabanga ngesiteji. Kodwa-ke, ngale kokuhlukahluka okusobala kokuxhumana, ngokuyisisekelo akukho mehluko omningi kakhulu. Inhloso ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuxoxa izindaba bese ushiya okuthile kubabukeli (abamele abafundi kulawa macala).
IDramaturgy njengesitayela semibhalo
Kusukela eGrisi lasendulo kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, indawo yeshashalazi ayizange ibe nomncintiswano njengokubonakaliswa kobuciko okuthandwa ngumphakathi ukufaka eminye imihlaba ngendlela yomphakathi. Izincwadi zijatshulelwa zodwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umdanso nomculo - yize kuyizinto ezihlangene - kufuna injabulo ngokusakazwa ngezinye izindlela.
Iminyaka engu-120 edlule
Ukufika emhlabeni wezamabhayisikobho ngo-1895 kwaphawula ushintsho "kumodeli ovelele". Eminyakeni eyishumi yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX, i-cinema yaba "yi-opium yabantu abaningi" mayelana nokuzijabulisa. Ubuciko obudlalwayo behliswa kancane kancane ezindaweni eziqhubeka zivalwa. Yize abaningi bemangele, bakwazile ukusinda kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule.
Ngokufanayo, ngezinhlamvu zaseSpain zaseMelika yaseshashalazini alilahlanga amandla alo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ama-Playwrights aqhubekile nokunyakazisa izethameli ngemibhalo ezulazula ngaphandle kwemikhawulo kusukela kokungahluziwe kuya ekuhlaziyweni kwefilosofi noma kobukhona obukhona. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba sokugcina kuvela Intokazi yokusangu-Alejandro Casona.
Sobre el autor
Lo Asturian owazalwa ngo-1903 futhi wabhapathizwa njengo-Alejandro Rodríguez Álvarez, ingeyesizukulwane esidumile sama-27. Ukunyakaza kokuzethemba kwababhali baseSpain, izimbongi kanye nababhali bemidlalo yokudlala abathathe indawo yokubhala yase-Iberia cishe ngonyaka we-1927. Inhloso yakhe kwakuwukuqinisekisa esinye sezifanekiselo zeGolden Age kanye "nobaba" we-culteranismo, ULuis de Góngora no-Argote.
UCasona wakhulisa ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wakhe eLatin America. Umvikeli weRiphabhulikhi, waphoqeleka ukuba awele i-Atlantic ngaphambi nje kokunqoba kwamabutho ayeholwa nguFrancisco Franco ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango. Wadlula eColombia, eVenezuela naseCosta Rica ngaphambi kokuhlala isikhashana eMexico. Kodwa-ke, iBuenos Aires kwakuyidolobha lapho akhiqiza khona umsebenzi wakhe omuhle kakhulu.
Intokazi yokusa: okukhethiwe
Kwaqala enhlokodolobha yase-Argentina ngo-1944, umbhali wemidlalo yokudlala akazange akufihle ukuthanda kwakhe lesi sihloko phakathi kwayo yonke indalo yakhe yobuciko. Ngakho-ke, kubhekwa njengobuciko bangempela yizazi eziningi zalolo hlobo. Ucezu lunezici ezicacile zeshashalazi lendabuko kanye ne-aesthetics yasemakhaya, imfashini kakhulu eLatin America phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yama-1900.
Ngokwengeziwe, konke ukulandisa kunongwe ngesibindi ngezinto eziyimfihlakalo futhi (cishe) ezimnandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfihlakalo kanye nomthamo ofanele we-melodrama namahlaya amele ukubamba kwegolide. Isethi eqinile egcina izethameli ziboshwe ngezihlalo zazo, zilinde ukuthola lonke iqiniso.
Amazwibela we INkosikazi Yokukhanya
Umndeni osebenza kanzima, owake wajabula kakhulu futhi wajabula, ngokusho kobufakazi babalingiswa bawo. Kepha ukufa kuka-Angelica — izibulo lamadodakazi kaMama — kwaletha ukulila okungapheli. Ukumamatheka kwakwenqatshelwe naphezu kwemizamo yawo wonke umuntu yokuthola amandla asemdala. Ngaphandle nje komzali ososizini, owesaba ukuthi "ukuqhubeka" kuyindlela yokukhohlwa.
Eqinisweni, imfihlo igcina lonke iqiniso lifihliwe, laziwa kuphela nguMartín, umfelwa. Ngemuva kwalokho, umhambi ufika ekhaya lomndeni. Ukuba khona kwakho kuba yisisusa sokususa isembatho sobuhlungu futhi unikeze futhi uthando. Umlingiswa naye ophila i-adventure yakhe emangazayo, ethola izici zomhlaba angaziwa kuye kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
Ukuhlaziywa Intokazi yokusa
Umbhali usebenzisa isenzo esiqondile nesikhonkolo, asebenzise imihlobiso emincane ngendlela yamahlaya angenasisekelo ukugcina ukuhlangana kwesakhiwo kwendaba. Kuhlanganiswe nokulula okulula kakhulu - akulula ukufeza - idrama yalo mndeni isetshenziswa njenge "izaba" ezifanele zokuqonda ngempilo nokufa.
Ukulingana
Ukufa akusona isisho senkulumo ku Intokazi yokusa, ngumlingisi ohamba phambili. Ungowesifazane ogcwele imizwa yangempela, ongazi ngosizi lwakhe olubangelwa ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe kahle kakhulu. I-naivety yezingane ezidinga ukumamatheka ivula iminyango yezinhliziyo zazo.
Ekugcineni, umvuni omubi uzithola eyisiqephu esiyisihluthulelo sakho konke okwenzekile emhlabeni. Uyingxenye yebhalansi ephelele yempilo, owokugcina uhlanganiswe nomunye wesifazane onemizwa. Ophethe ukwenza umsebenzi ofanayo owabelwe ukufa, kepha obuyela emuva.
Yisho lokho okudingekayo
Inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini idinga amazwi amaningi ukudlulisa imizwa kumbukeli. Uma kukhulunywa ngamadrama izingxabano zawo ezinqamula imingcele yobukhona obukhona, ababhali bazibeka engcupheni yokugcina isidina ababukeli babo ngezingxoxo eziningi.
Isakhiwo somsebenzi
Kulula ukuphakanyiswa kwesiteji kuqediwe nguCasona ku-libretto yakhe - kanye nekhono lakhe eselishiwo ngaphambili lokwenza into eyinkimbinkimbi ibe ukhonkolo - ivumela indaba ukuthi idlule ngaphandle kokubola ngamandla ayo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kuyasiza kakhulu ukugcina ukwakheka kwezenzo ezine lapho ucezu luhlukaniswe khona lwaba lula futhi lwenza uketshezi.
Izinkondlo zika-Aristotle zazisebenza ekupheleleni. Ukwandisa amandla ngaphandle kwengxabano, cishe ngokungabonakali. Kuze kufinyelele kuvuthondaba nge-catharsis yayo ebalulekile. Ukukhululwa, ukuxolelwa nokuhlengwa kwabalingiswa. Izimpendulo zababukeli.
Ukufa nokwesaba
Umbhali wemidlalo ubeka ngokusobala kusukela esenzweni sesibili (kulabo ababukeli abangakwazi ukukuthola okokuqala) ukuthi incwadi yakhe yocwaningo imayelana nokufa. Kepha kukhona i-subtopic ebucayi ngokulinganayo ngemuva: ukwesaba. Hhayi kuphela ukufa, kodwa futhi nokuphila.
Ukucaphuna kuka-Alejandro Rodríguez Álvarez.
Ngaphandle kokuwela "enkulumweni yokuziphatha" (okuyisici esivame kakhulu engxenyeni enhle yamadrama we-costumbrista) UCasona ulinga ukugqamisa amandla akhubazelayo ale nto. Akusizi ngalutho uma kukhulunywa ngokuphila. Ngokulingana nokufa. Akunakwenzeka ukuba nokuthula ngaphandle kokunqoba ukwesaba kwakho; kungakhathalekile ukuthi uvelaphi wabo uvelaphi.
Itiyetha elilondolozayo?
U-Alejandro Casona ubuyele eSpain ngawo-1960. Imbuyiselo esetshenziswe umbuso kaFranco njengophawu lokuvulwa. Lokhu kwamvumela ukuthi akhombise umsebenzi wakhe "ekhaya". Uvune kokubili ukuthandwa nokungathandwa ngokulingana. Abaningi bathi inani layo. Wabekwa ekuphakameni komunye wabantu besikhathi sakhe: UFederico Garcia Lorca, ebaluleke kunazo zonke kubadlali bokudlala baseSpain bekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Inani elincane labagxeki kanye nomphakathi uqobo wambiza ngoludala. Ingxenye yokungakhululeki ingatholakala ngqo kowesifazane wokusa. Yize abesifazane kuyibo abanikela ngempilo futhi beyimithombo yothando, babhekene nokuhlupheka okuningi. Ingabe ukuphela kwendlela eya ekuhlengweni kwesoni (umbhali akalokothi asebenzise leli gama) ngukufa (ukuzibulala)?