Into enhle ngokukhuluma nesazi se-astrophysic uJavier Armentia ukuthi wazi kusengaphambili, ngokushesha nje lapho uhlangana nomngeneleli wakho, ukuthi izitatimende zizohambisana nokucabanga nokuzindla okubasekelayo. Mhlawumbe incazelo ukuthi umuntu wehluleka ukuqondisa i- IPamplona Planetarium ngaphandle kokuba nombuzo wokuthi "Kungani?" ekugcineni kwesihloko solimi.
Enye yemizamo yakhe yakamuva ukuthola ukuqondiswa komkhumbi lapho nabo beyi- I-ARP-Society Yokuthuthukiswa Kokucabanga Okubalulekile nomshicileli I-Laetoli. Iqoqo lama-eseyi abizwa ngokuthi Yeka umkhonyovu!, ogama lakhe likhuluma ngezihloko ababhali bazo abazibonile "amaqhinga aphindwayo futhi athengiswa njengeqiniso."
Kungani iqoqo lithanda Yeka umkhonyovu!?
Izikhathi eziningi kakhulu sizithola sibhekene nokuthile esikunikwayo, okukhangiswayo noma okuphonswa kithi, okungukuthi, okungenani, into exakile uma sicabanga ngakho. Uma kusobala kakhulu, sonke siyaqonda ukuthi lo ngumkhonyovu, noma okungenani ukuthi bafuna ukusithengisela isithuthuthu. Kepha, wazi kanjani ukuthi okuthile kuwumkhonyovu uma kuvame ukuthi kukhulunywe kahle, kuvela kwabezindaba, abantu abaningi bayakuthenga noma ngisho neziphathimandla ezifanele ziyakuvumela lokho? Mhlawumbe asikaze sikucabangele ukuthi lokho kuhle noma cha, kepha uma senza njalo, ngeke sibe nalo lonke ulwazi, ngoba ezimweni eziningi akekho okhuluma ngakho ngokuthi kungamanga, kuyadukisa noma kunonya. Lapho sihlaziya umlando, imibono yethulwe, ubufakazi obusetshenziswayo bokusebenza noma bukhona, lapho umuntu enza inkathazo yokusesha phansi kwalokhu okuthengiselwa thina, kwesinye isikhathi sithola zonke izici ezichazayo zomkhonyovu, wenkohliso evame ukwenziwa ngenhloso yokusikhohlisa, ukusiklolodela, ukuthatha imali, kwesinye isikhathi impilo kanye nesikhathi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ama-vayatimos azalelwa ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi lapho kunesimo esinjalo sokungalingani. Yizincwadi ezimemezela lokho ezikuphethe, azenzi sengathi izinto azaziwa, noma ukuthi konke kuhlobene, into esefashinini kakhulu kulezi zikhathi. Bathatha uhlangothi ngesizathu, ukucabanga okujulile, isayensi, umlando, futhi basebenzise amathuluzi anenhloso ukuqeda amanga kanye nokuzimela kwabenzi bemfihlakalo nabathengisi bemikhumbi abayimfihlakalo be-paranormal.
Izingqinamba ziningi njengezenzo zabantu ezisizungezile, ngoba kunobugebengu obuningi cishe kuyo yonke into. Eqoqweni sifuna uhla olubanzi. Kusukela ekukhwabaniseni okukhulu, okubonakala kubucayi noma kuhloniphekile okuyingozi kakhulu, noma okudala kakhulu noma okunenzuzo enkulu, kuya kokulula kakhulu, okubonakala kuyisilima ngaphandle kokuningi. Kepha iqoqo liqale ngokubheka izingqikithi ezahlukahlukene ezithandwayo, ezihlala zivela kwabezindaba, uhlobo kwesinye isikhathi oludala impikiswano ethile ngemuva kwesidlo sasemini nabangane. Phakathi kwabalingani be- I-ARP Society Yokuthuthukiswa Kokucabanga Okubalulekile (www.izolimobil.es) okuyinhlangano ehlangene ne-Editorial Laetoli ngemuva kweqoqo, senze ukubonisana okungakahleleki ukuthi yiziphi izihloko ababone kufanele ukuthi bazidingide. Ngakho-ke kwavela ezinye zezinkinga zokuqala, kwesinye isikhathi ezingunaphakade njengokufunda izinkanyezi noma amandla engqondo, inkolo noma impilo yangemva kokufa, kwesinye isikhathi izindaba ezivuthayo ezifana ne-psychoanalysis noma uzungu lwenyanga, amanye ama-classics ahlala "ososayensi abayimfihlakalo" njengama-UFOs, ishidi elingcwele, isilo saseLoch Ness ... Kanye nenqubo ebanzi lapho sifuna ukwethula izihloko ezihlangabezana naleyo mfuneko: ukuthi zethulwe kithi njengeziyiqiniso ngaphandle kobufakazi obanele, ukuthi zithandwa ngokungenasisekelo noma ukuthi ziba yimfashini ngoba kulezi zikhathi noma yini exotic iba yimfashini.
Kepha kukhona labo abathi lezi zinhlobo zezinto (i-pseudosciences) ziyaziqinisekisa, ziyabasiza noma zibasebenzele ... Noma ukuthi "isayensi ayikwazi ukuchaza konke."
Vele isayensi ayikwazi ukuchaza konke. Eqinisweni, umuntu kufanele angabaze ukuthi ngubani othi uyakwazi ukuchaza konke, ukuxazulula konke, noma ukusiduduza ngokuphelele. Siphila emhlabeni omangalisayo kanti isayensi ngumsebenzi ozama ukuyichaza ngendlela engcono kakhulu, kepha ngokwencazelo yomhlaba, nangesayensi, ukuthi ulwazi aluphelele, alunembile. Umsebenzi wethu ukuthola ukuqiniseka okungcono, sazi imvelo kangcono futhi siyiqonde. Le nqubo, noma kunjalo, kwesinye isikhathi ayiqondakali noma iyabakhathaza abantu abaningi. Sicabanga, ngokwesibonelo, ngezinkinga ezithathwa njengomthombo wengozi: imvamisa sishiya umlingiswa onengqondo futhi lapho isayensi isitshela ukuthi asikwazi ukukhathazeka ngalokho, ngoba izifundo azibonisanga lutho oluyingozi, sibheka usosayensi futhi uthi: Ungasiqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu akukubi? Futhi usosayensi akakwazi ukukwenza, ngoba uzothi kunamathuba amancane, ukuthi ezingeni lamanje lolwazi yilokho esinakho… Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuzovela umuntu onentshisekelo yokusithengisa okuphambene ozovuma ngaphandle kokungaqondakali ukuthi kubi lokhu. Noma ukuthi unesixazululo sokugcina. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi, ngokungavikeleki ezweni elingaba nobutha, samukela lokho okusinikeza ukuphepha. Ama-pseudosciences amaningi noma amaqhinga azalwa ngalo mkhuba.
Kodwa-ke, yize kwesinye isikhathi kuhamba kancane kunokumane ugcizelele noma uthengise i-potion enhle, indlela yesayensi inikezela ngemininingwane ethile enengqondo, lapho kutholakala khona inqubekela phambili ethile, ulwazi oluvumela inqubekela phambili enengqondo. Asiyiqapheli, kepha lo mhlaba uguqule lolo lwazi ngaphezu kwezinkolelo ezingenangqondo ezaduma kakhulu.
Izihloko zeqoqo Yeka umkhonyovu!: Ngabe ziyizincwadi zalabo asebeqinisekile, noma zalabo asebezokholisa?
Ziyajabulisa, zifundisa izincwadi ezinolwazi oluyiqiniso. Ngakho-ke zenzelwe noma ngubani onelukuluku. Kungenzeka ukuthi noma ngubani okholelwa kuleyo ndaba uzothola ubutha enkolelweni yakhe, futhi okwami ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukukholisa umuntu owazi iqiniso lokugcina. Kodwa-ke, sonke sinokukhohliseka ngaphakathi kithi, futhi kunezinkinga eziningi ebesingakaze siziphakamise ngaphambili. Leli qoqo lizama, ngokunembile, ukunikeza izizathu zokuthi kungani lowo muntu othembekile angabona ukuthi lokhu kungumkhonyovu noma, okungenani, ukuchitha isikhathi. Ikakhulukazi eziningana zazo kucatshangwa ngomphakathi osemusha, owake wezwa noma wabona ukukhuluma ngalezi zinkinga ngokujwayelekile ngaphakathi kwezikhala zobufundisi ezibakhuthaza ngokungafanele. Umuntu omusha angakwazi, futhi kufanele, azi umhlaba ngeqiniso, hhayi izindaba eziqanjiwe zabathengisi bemfihlakalo. Lapho sizama futhi, neqoqo Yeka umkhonyovu!, nikeza izizathu lapho inkulumo-ze ivame ukunikezwa.
Wonke umuntu obhalayo wenza kanjalo ukuxhumana. Kepha kubhekwa izihloko ezihlanganiswe eqoqweni Yeka umkhonyovu!, kubonakala kucacile ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kusuka ekubeni yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuya ekubeni yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ufike kanjani kulolu daba?
Kulokhu sihlangabezane nezwe elinesiphepho kakhulu kunaleso sembumbulu. Ngokweqiniso, iLaetoli inenethiwekhi enhle yabasabalalisi eSpain, kepha noma yimuphi umshicileli ongeyena omkhulu kakhulu uphuma namaphuzu ambalwa, enamakhophi ambalwa, enokwenyuswa okuncane, futhi kunzima ukuthola noma yini enye, ngoba izincwadi zezindatshana, nangezihloko ezivame ukubhekwa njengezinganakiwe. Noma kunjalo, iqoqo elazalwa ngekhulu lama-10 futhi le mibhalo ephrintiwe ephepheni ikhiqize imibono eminingi kwi-Intanethi.Sinecala eliyiparadigmatic nenombolo ye-XNUMX yama-vayatimos, lapho u-Eugenio Fernández Aguilar, enokunyakaza okuningi i-blogosphere yesayensi ikwazile ukunyakazisa le ncwadi ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umkhankaso okhokhelwe umshicileli omkhulu obekungakwazi. Kwesinye isikhathi abancane bangenza izinyathelo ezinkulu.
Kunoma ikuphi, sifuna ukuthi iqoqo laziwe kangcono, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke kube ngumthombo wezingxoxo. Silungiselela ukukhishwa okulandelayo ukufinyelela okubanzi komphakathi, okunempikiswano eningi nolwazi oluthe xaxa. Ngicabanga ukuthi izingoma zikufanele. Futhi umphakathi, ngaphezu kwakho konke.
Umqondisi weqoqo uthanda Yeka umkhonyovu!Wenzani ngokuyisisekelo?
Kulokhu, njengomqondisi weqoqo, ngimemezela ukungazi kwami konke okumele kwenziwe. Ngenhlanhla, umhleli unolwazi oluningi emsebenzini wakhe, kanti iSociety for the Development of Critical Thinking inomlando wokusabalalisa ubuhlakani nesayensi okulusizo olukhulu. Kuqale kwafika uhlu olufushane lwezihloko, lukhuluma nochwepheshe ukuthola ababhali abazokhuthazwa ekuzijabuliseni lapho isimo sezomnotho sizodlula kakhulu isidingo sokuba nezincwadi ngalezi zinkinga ... Abanye babonakala bengqongqoza emnyango, njengoba amavolumu okuqala abelokhu ephuma. Abanye kufanele bashushiswe isikhathi eside. Iqhaza lami ukuthi, ngaphezu kokusebenzisana nomsebenzi wokuhlela, okuhlala kujabulisa, ikakhulukazi kulezo zigaba zokugcina ozama ngazo ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuzingela unogwaja nakwenye ukucabanga ngencwadi eshalofini, ubiza umfundi, nokuthi uzocabangani lapho ufunda. Umqondisi weqoqo kulokho ufana nomqhubi wokuqala, kodwa we-orchestra enhle kangangoba uyakwazi ukuzwakala kahle.
Yiziphi izindlela ezikhethwa ochwepheshe ababhala esihlokweni ngasinye?
Ngike ngaphawula ngalo ngamafuphi phambilini: sibheke ababhali abazwela embonweni ojwayelekile weqoqo, ukusabalalisa ukucabanga okubucayi ebusweni benkohliso eningi esinayo, ochwepheshe ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene abangakwazi futhi ukunikeza umbono onegunya futhi ofanele, abasabalalisi balezi zindaba ekuxhumaneni nabezindaba, futhi nothisha okufanele babhekane nalokhu kuvikela okunengqondo ezweni elingathambekele kakhulu ekucabangeni ngokuzimela. Uma sibheka amaholo, sinakho konke okuncane, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi ngamavolumu alandelayo sizozama nokusondela emhlabeni wezokuxhumana nobuntatheli.
Ngokunikezwa kwamanje, umbuzo ubophezelekile: Ngabe thina bantu sifika eNyangeni? Ucabanga ukuthi yiziphi izizathu ezichaza ukuthi kungani kwavela inkolelo-mbumbulu yenyanga?
Umuntu engangisebenza naye wangitshela ngelinye ilanga ukuthi uzungu lwenyanga kufana nokuthi ngavele ngathi: "I-Sanfermines ngo-69 ayizange ibungazwe, kunetulo elizimisele ukusikhohlisa." Ungangitshela: kepha kunezithombe, ithelevishini, amaphephandaba ... Onke amanga, ubuqili, imontage enezithombe ezithathwe kwenye indawo. Wayesethi kimi: kodwa kukhona ofakazi, ngiyazi abantu ababekhona ngaleso sikhathi ... Baqamba amanga, bakuligi, noma bathenga, noma mhlawumbe bethukile ngoba uzungu lunesandla eside kakhulu futhi izimpilo zabo zingaba sengozini . Ngemuva kwalokho ungangitshela ukuthi bekungeke kwenzeke ukugcina amanga anjalo isikhathi eside futhi nabantu abaningi babandakanyeka. Futhi lelo yiphuzu lapho bengingamphikisi khona: kuyinto engacabangeki ukuthi abantu abacishe babe yisigidi (labo abasebenza ngqo emishini ye-Apollo e-United States nalabo abenze okufanayo emishini yenyanga yaseSoviet) baqamba amanga ngaleso sikhathi futhi qhubeka nokuqamba amanga iminyaka engamashumi amane.
Kungani kwavela lo mbono ongajwayelekile? Ngoba siphila ezweni lapho abezindaba bethanda ukwandiswa kwemibono engajwayelekile, exotic noma engasile. Ziyizindaba. Kwakuyizindaba ukuthi isihloko, ngonyaka we-74, unyaka ngemuva kuka-Apollo wokugcina, sathi konke kwakuyimontage. Ngaleso sikhathi, lokhu kwakuhambisana nokwakwenzeka: amanga amakhulu eVietnam, amanga amakhulu nenkohlakalo kaNixon, uhulumeni ofihliwe kanye nokusekelwa kobushiqela besikhathi seKisinger kwaqala ukuzibonakalisa emhlabeni. Kungani babengeke futhi baqambe amanga ngento ebibonakala iyinkimbinkimbi njengokuya eNyangeni? Ukusuka lapho, lezi zindaba zalandwa ngabezindaba futhi bazenza ezabo, basivumela ukuthi sifinyelele esimweni samanje lapho ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho umuntu ekhuluma ngohambo oluya eNyangeni, kufanele kubalwe uzungu, ngenhloso yamanga ukungathathi hlangothi noma ukungakhethi. kolwazi.
Sicela usitshele nge-Laetoli Yokuhlela. Bube kanjani isipiliyoni sokusebenza nabo?
Isimangaliso. ILaetoli isithelo sothando lomuntu ngezincwadi. Umhleli, uSerafín Senosiáin uvela emkhakheni wezemibhalo: imbongi, umbhali wamanoveli, umhleli… Futhi wathi uLaetoli wazalwa ngoba kwatholakala ukuthi ziningi izincwadi ayefuna ukuzifunda kodwa akekho owazihlelela lapha, akekho owabhala noma babengazani. Usebenzise izinyathelo ezinodaka ezivela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziningana eyedlule e-Afrika njengesithonjana sendlu yokushicilela efuna ukushiya imikhondo yekusasa. Uma umuntu ekholelwa kumampunge, bekungaba yigugu ukusho ukuthi uLaetoli wanqunyelwa kusengaphambili ukusisingatha sonke. Kepha masibe nesibindi: ukuzibophezela ekucabangeni okunengqondo, okucabangayo, ekuqoqweni kwezindatshana ezinamandla nezishukumisayo, ukusatshalaliswa kwesayensi okuvulekile nokukhangayo kwakungaphezu kweziqinisekiso ezanele zokucabanga ukuthi lo mhleli kwakuyindawo yokwakha ukuzibophezela kokuqala kweSpain ekucabangeni okujulile. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, ngaphezu kwekota yekhulu leminyaka, thina basolwayo baseSpain besicabanga ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe into enjengale. Kepha phakathi komqondo (ukugwetshwa) kanye nesenzo kukhona ukunweba okwakungalondolozwanga kwaze kwaba yilapho kukhulunywa noLaetoli. Empeleni, ngokwengxenye, kwakunguLaetoli owayefuna okuthile okunjalo, kanti i-ARP Society for Critical Thought yayiwukuphela kwenhlangano enengqondo eyayingenza umsebenzi walolu hlobo, ngoba sasiyicabange isikhathi eside futhi sasazi abantu okuyifanele. ukuwela.
Ngiyabonga kakhulu ngezimpendulo, Javier.