UChristie Agatha.
Inoveli yabaseshi ingenye yezinhlobo zemibhalo ezaziwa kakhulu ezinenani elikhulu labalandeli namuhla. Kepha bekungahlale kunje. Ozalelwe ngokusemthethweni ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye - cishe ngokufana nenoveli eqanjiwe yesayensi kanye nezothando - umphakathi wesikhathi sawo awuzange uyibone kahle. Yize kunjalo, isitatimende esingenhla singaphezulu kwe- "surface yamanje" kuneqiniso elibambekayo.
Eqinisweni, labo ababephikisana nalolu hlobo lwezincwadi babengamalungu (abantu abazibiza ngokwabo ababhalayo) "umphakathi omkhulu." Kulungile kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo inoveli yabaseshi yadliwa ngentshiseko ngabafundi abaningi. Izixuku zamadoda nabesifazane bevaleleke ngaphakathi kwezindaba eziluthayo ezithwelwe ngozungu nemfihlakalo.
Umsuka wohlobo olunelebuli engabukeki
Okwenzelwe "izifundiswa" —Nakho konke ukukhokhiswa okwehliswayo kufakiwe ngokuzithoba kulesi sichasiso— bekuyi "sub-literature". Imikhiqizo engenantshisekelo, idalelwe ukujabulisa iningi kuphela. Akukho okuwusizo ukuthuthukisa umoya womuntu. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukubuyekezwa kwalaba "ochwepheshe" kudumise izincwadi eziqanjiwe zesayensi futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuzidela kobuqhawe bezothando.
Ubugebengu njengomphikisi ophikisanayo
Ubugebengu, ngokuba ngabaphikisi bezindaba, kwavimbela ngokuzenzakalela noma yikuphi ukuzenzisa okwedlulele. Kuthiwa, umphefumulo (wabafundi) awuzange ukhule, awuzange uguquke ngendlela enhle. Kwakukhona ukufinyelela kuphela injabulo yesikhashana engenabungozi. Lolu hlobo lokugxekwa luqhubeke kakhulu kwaze kwaba yiMpi Yezwe II.
Noma kunjalo - ngenhlanhla kubabhali bohlobo - ubutha bokugxekwa kwemibhalo ngaleso sikhathi abusoze bufanekisa nganoma iyiphi indlela impumelelo yayo enkulu. Ngisho nabaningi balaba babhali abaziwa namuhla njengabahlakaniphi beqiniso. Empilweni umsebenzi wakhe wawugujwa kakhulu.
Ngaphambi nangemva kuka-Auguste Dupin
Inkondlo ka-Edgar Allan.
Edgar Allan Poe Ungomunye walabo babhali "abangaphandle komgwaqo". Mhlawumbe incazelo incane ngokweqile. Kepha kuseyigama elivumelekile lokuchaza ububanzi bomsebenzi walo Melika odumile. Njengoba nje imibhalo yakhe iyingxenye yefa lezithandani zaseMelika, waziwa ngokuzalwa okusemthethweni kwamanoveli obugebengu.
U-Auguste Dupin wayengumlingiswa wokuqala "i-franchise" (negama lokuhweba elisetshenzisiwe njengamanje) lezincwadi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mseshi wabeka isisekelo lapho kwakungakhelwa khona elinye lamagama adumile ezincwadini zomhlaba: uSherlock Holmes. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, isimilo sikaSir Arthur Conan Doyle yilona okungeyona i-ultra ngokuqondene nabaphenyi nabadlozi bezimfihlakalo.
Kusuka eGreece
Yize izindaba ezinamaphoyisa "emoyeni" bezihlale zikhona, USophocles no-Oedipus Rex wakhe kungathathwa njengesandulela esidala salolu hlobo lwesakhiwo. Kule nhlekelele, umlingiswa ophambili kumele enze uphenyo ukuxazulula impicabadala bese ethola isigebengu.
Bekungeke kube kuze kube ngu- Amacala omgwaqo wasemakhazeni (1841) ngenkathi lolu hlobo luthola isimo nezimpawu "ezinqunyiwe" Vele, izindaba zabaseshi ziye zavela kusukela lapho. Kepha ekugcineni bonke abaseshi babuyela kuPoe.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Inoveli yabaseshi ibihlala njalo emaphethelweni emingcele, inganekwane nokwesaba. Iphuzu elisemqoka lalolu hlobo ukuthi ngemuva kwesenzo ngasinye (sobugebengu) munye kuphela homo sapiens. Ngaphandle kosizo noma ukuphoqelelwa okuvela kuzidalwa zamademoni noma zaphezulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, isakhiwo senzeka kuzilungiselelo ezibonakala kahle kubafundi.
I-protagonist umuntu ohlukaniswe ngobuhlakani bakhe, kanye namandla akhe amangalisayo okubuka nokuhlaziya ukuxazulula izingqondo. Bonke abalingiswa - ngaphandle komphenyi nomsizi wakhe, uma ninaye - bangabasolwa. Ngenxa yalokho ukufundwa kuba umjaho oshayayo ohlangothini lwabafundi ngenhloso yokuxazulula ubugebengu obuphambi komseshi.
Ukuthembeka ngaphezu kwakho konke
Inoveli enhle yobugebengu kufanele igcine isigebengu sifihliwe kuze kube sekugcineni. Kepha ngaphandle kwezincazelo eziningi kakhulu noma izincazelo ezingenakuphikiswa ngesikhathi sokuxazululwa. Uma uSherlock Holmes uqobo "azinqabela yena" ukuqagela, noma ngubani ofunda ukuzidela kwakhe uzibeka engcupheni enkulu lapho ezama ukuprofetha ukuphela.
Imithambeka yenoveli yabaseshi nezinye izici
Cishe, izincwadi zabaseshi zehlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu. Yize kungebona bodwa laba, basebenza njengezikhanyiso eziyinhloko eziqondisa bonke ababhali abazimisele ngokuphakamisa izimfihlakalo zabo. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, Ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka ngenoveli yothando, ukuwela kwamanzi e-Atlantic kwasuka eMelika kuya eYurophu.
Isikole sesiNgisi
U-Arthur Conan Doyle.
Ngokushesha nje lapho u-Auguste Dupin no-Edgar Allan Poe befika eLondon, i-sub-movement noma i-sub-genre eyaziwa ngokuthi i-English School yasungulwa. Ngaphandle kukaSir Arthur Conan Doyle noSherlock Holmes, enye ingxenye eyisisekelo ngaphakathi kwalesi sakhiwo imelwe ngu-Agatha Christie ngomlingiswa wakhe uHercule Poirot.
Lolu uhlobo lwendaba yezibalo; kwembangela nomphumela. Amaqiniso avezwa ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, ngenkathi (cishe njalo) i-protagonist engenakuphikiswa isebenzisa ukwengeza nokususa ukufika emphumeleni. Isinqumo sokuthi - ukucaphuna uHolmes - "kungaphansi." Kusobala kuphela emehlweni omphenyi; engacabangi kubo bonke abalingiswa kanye nomfundi.
Isikole saseNyakatho Melika
E-United States, kuze kube sekhulwini lama-XNUMX, "isizinda" esibaluleke kunazo zonke sazalwa ezincwadini zamaphoyisa.. Kungashiwo nokuthi kungukuphela komuntu owaziwa njengengxenye yalesi sitayela sokulandisa: inoveli yobugebengu. Njengamanje wesibili omkhulu kubonakala sengathi uphikisana nesitayela esivelele kuze kube ngawo-1920.
Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezikole zombili zenoveli yabaseshi
Izindaba zesiNgisi zazenziwe isitayela. Isikhathi esiningi uzungu lwenzeka emibuthanweni yonxiwankulu. Izilungiselelo bekuyizigodlo ezinkulu futhi zikanokusho, lapho okubalwa khona, amakhosi namakhosi kubonakala njengezisulu nabenzi bokubi. Amacala lawa bekuyindaba "yomphakathi ophakeme."
Ngokunjalo, ngaphandle kokuvela kabili (uSherlock Holmes ekugcineni wembula ezinye zezimpawu zobuntu bakhe), abalingiswa beSikole sesiNgisi bangama-archetypal ngokuphelele. Umphenyi muhle, uthembekile, akanakonakala; abantu ababi "babi kakhulu", Machiavellian. Kuyimpi phakathi kokuhle nokubi, iqiniso eliphikisana namanga, ngezilinganiso ezimbalwa kakhulu zesigamu.
Umhlaba wangempela?
Le noveli yobugebengu yathatha imibhalo yamaphoyisa yaya "endaweni yabafileyo", emigwaqweni yezindawo eziswele kakhulu, ezindaweni ezidabukisayo, ezimnyama. Ngakho-ke, ababhali babenentshisekelo yokuhlola izisusa zezigebengu futhi bahlukana nomqondo wabaphikisi abangenacala (abaseshi).
Ngale ndlela, kwavela "amaqhawe" ezincwadi. Abalingiswa abanomzabalazo oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba - ngaphandle kokubhekana nesigebengu - babhekene nomphakathi kanye nohlelo olubolile. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bazenzela ngokwabo, bangakhathali kangako ngokuziphatha kwamasu abo. Kubo, ukuphela kuvikela izindlela.
Inoveli yobugebengu nobudlelwano bayo benzondo nothando nezothando
Ngale noveli yobugebengu, ubugebengu bayeka ukuba yinto "enhle", ezoboniswa ngaphandle kokuncanyana kokuthandana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikole saseMelika samvukela isimo se-quo, iba (ngokuyindida) incwadi yamaProthestani. Okuye kwaba - ngokunikezwa umongo wayo womlando, eminyakeni eyedlule nangemva kokwehla okukhulu - empeleni kwezothando.
Ababhali ababalulekile
Akunakwenzeka ukuqonda inoveli yabaseshi ngaphandle kokubukeza iminikelo ka-Edgar Allan Poe, u-Arthur Conan Doyle, no-Agatha Christie. Ukufundwa okufanele kuqale kwenziwe ngenhloso (ngangokunokwenzeka). Noma okungenani uzama ukungafaki ukuthanda kwakho ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa. Lokhu, noma ngabe imizwa edluliswa ngokufunda inhle noma iyimbi.
Uzakwabo, naye ubalulekile
Inoveli yobugebengu ingenye ingxenye eyisisekelo yomlando wezincwadi. Ngokungezwa kokubhalisa imvelaphi ephikisana kancane uma kuqhathaniswa neBritish School (yamanoveli wabaseshi). Kwababhali abaningi baseMelika besizwe esishicilele izindaba zabo ngesikhathi sezimpi, bavusa imibono ephikisanayo.
Isilinganiso sika-Edgar Allan Poe.
Abashisekela kakhulu bagcizelela ukunamathiselwa kwabo kweqiniso. Esikhundleni salokho, abaningi bayangabaza ukuphelelwa ithemba kwakhe okujulile nokuntuleka kweziphetho ezijabulisayo ngokuphelele. Isizathu sokugomela okunje? Ngaphandle kokuxazululwa kobugebengu, isigebengu asihlali sithola isijeziso esifanele. Phakathi kwababhali abavelele kulesi sigaba kukhona:
- UDashiell Hammlet, no-protagonist wayo uSam Spade (I-Maltese Falcon, 1930).
- URaymond Chandler, nomphenyi wakhe uPhilip Marlowe (Iphupho laphakade, 1939).
Iphoyisa "elijika"
Into "ejwayelekile" ukuthi inoveli yabaseshi ibonwa ngokubuka kokuhle. Noma kunjalo, kukhona "okuhlukile": abenzi bokubi abenza izinhlelo zokwenza okubi kwabo futhi bahlale bekhululekile. Isibonelo sakudala sokubonisa lesi sigaba esingezansi UMnuz Ripley onekhono nguPatricia Highsmith.
UTom Ripley, "umlingisi we-franchise" yochungechunge lwezincwadi, akayona umphenyi. Ungumbulali nendoda ezenza izisulu zakhe. Uma "kunguqulo yakudala" yamanoveli obugebengu inhloso yokuveza imfihlakalo, lapha into "ethokozisayo" ukubona ukuthi amanga akhiwa kanjani. Lokho wukuthi, iphuzu ukubona ukuthi isigebengu "sibalekela kanjani."
Nuevo yeminyaka
UStieg Larsson mhlawumbe ungomunye wababhali abadabukisayo kunabo bonke. Hhayi ngemibhalo yakhe, kodwa ngempilo yakhe. Kodwa-ke, ngale kwamashwa nokufa kwakhe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, le ntatheli yaseSweden yayinesikhathi sokuqala ilungelo lokutholwa kwabaseshi elikhulu lekhulu lama-XNUMX. Kumayelana neSaga yeminyaka.
Isitayela sokuqhuma
Amadoda angabathandi abesifazane.
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
Abesilisa ababengabathandi abesifazane, Intombazane enomentshisi kanye nekani likaphethiloli y Indlovukazi esigodlweni sezinhlaka—Konke kushicilelwe ngo-2005— zimele wonke umsebenzi wakhe. Ukuhlanganiswa "kwebhomu" (labo abafunde le mibhalo bayasiqonda isizathu saleli gama) phakathi kwesitayela saseBrithani sakudala nenoveli yobugebengu baseMelika.
Abaseshi ababili bakha "i-eksisi yokuhle" ezindabeni ze Larsson. Amagama abo: UMikael Blomkvist (intatheli) noLisbeth Salander (hacker). Njengoba izimo zidinga, laba balingisi bangacubungula ngokwedlulele futhi baqonde, futhi baphakamise ngokweqile futhi baziphathe kabi.
Inoveli yamaphoyisa ngeSpanishi (abanye ababhali)
Inoveli yabaseshi eSpain naseLatin America ifanele i-athikili ehlukile ukuze ikwazi ukuphawula ngayo ngokwanele. Kusuka eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, omunye wababhali abayizimpawu kakhulu nguManuel Vázquez Montalbán. Umphenyi wakhe: uPepe Carvalho, umlingiswa onombono ofana nowakhe; Usuka ekubeni yikhomanisi lezingane aye kwi-CIA agent, agcine esengumseshi ozimele.
Izibonelo ezivela eLatin America
EColombia, igama likaMario Mendoza livelele, liphefumulelwe amandla omlilo kanye nobunkulunkulu be- ngaphansi komhlaba UBogota. USathane (2002) mhlawumbe umsebenzi wakhe "oyisisekelo". Ekugcineni, uNorberto José Olivar wabeka eMaracaibo, eVenezuela, indaba yabaseshi enqamula izinkambu zalokho okumnandi.
I-vampire eMaracaibo (2008), yashicilelwa ngezikhathi zokuthandwa okuphezulu kwamanoveli abalingisa intsha eyejwayelekile. Umphenyi kule ndaba - iphoyisa eselathatha umhlalaphansi - uhlala ezibuza ngobukhona bomhlaba ocashile ongaphezu kokusobala.