URosalía de Castro, umbhali wobuRoma Romanticism

URosalia de Castro wazalelwa phakathi I-Santiago de Compostela ngonyaka 1837 futhi ngokuhlanganyela nembongi yaseSevillian uGustavo Adolfo Bécquer, wasungula leyo mbhangqwana eyanikeza okusha umfutho kanye nokuphumula esigabeni sobuRoma baseRoma. Kule ndatshana ekhethekile ebekelwe yena, asigcini ngokufunda ngempilo yakhe kuphela, ngeshwa sifushane kakhulu, kepha futhi nomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala, ophelele kakhulu kunalokho okudalulwe njenge-priori, ngokwesibonelo ezikoleni zaseSpain, lapho kubaluleke khona okukhulunywe ngayo emibhalweni yezwe lethu, futhi uma kunjalo, izingoma zayo eziyizinkondlo ezibhekise kwezobuRoma kuphela ezibhekiswe kulo.

Kulesi sihloko, sizolisusa leli iva futhi sizonikeza indawo yalo mbhali omkhulu waseGalician ... Siyethemba ukuthi ngeke sishiye lutho emgqeni, futhi sikudlulisele kuRosalía de Castro ngokugcwele futhi kuyo yonke ingqikithi yakhe.

ukuphila

URosalía de Castro wayenjalo indodakazi yowesifazane ongashadile nangensizwa eyenziwe umpristi. Isimo sakho se indodakazi engekho emthethweni kwamholela ekubeni abhaliswe njengendodakazi yabazali abangaziwa, ngale ndlela elandelayo:

NgoFebhuwari amashumi amabili nane enkulungwaneni namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amathathu nesithupha, uMaría Francisca Martínez, umakhelwane waseSan Juan del Campo, wayengunina wentombazane engangiyibhabhadisa ngokuqinile futhi ngifaka amafutha angcwele, ngimbiza ngoMaría Rosalía Rita, indodakazi engaziwa abazali, intombazane yabo unkulunkulukazi yathatha, futhi ihamba ngaphandle kwenombolo ngokungadluli ku-Inclusa; Futhi ngerekhodi, ngiyasayina. Isitifiketi sokubhapathizwa esisayinwe umpristi uJosé Vicente Varela y Montero.

Ukukhula kanjena kuzobubeka ngokuqinile ubuntu bakhe, ngakho-ke, impilo yakhe nomsebenzi wokubhala. Noma kunjalo, siyawazi amagama abazali: UMaría Teresa de la Cruz de Castro y Abadía noJosé Martínez Viojo. Yize umuntu owayenakekela usana ekuqaleni wayengunkulunkulukazi wakhe nenceku kanina, uMaría Francisca Martínez, ingxenye yobuntwana bakhe wayezoyichitha nomndeni kayise, edolobheni lase-Ortoño, ukuze ethuthele eSantiago de Compostela, lapho inkampani kanina, waqala ukuthola imibono eyisisekelo yokudweba nomculo, ehlala eya emicimbini yamasiko lapho ezohlangana khona nengxenye Intsha yobuhlakani yaseGalician Okwamanje, njenge U-Eduardo Pondal no-Aurelio Aguirre. Yize sazi kuphela kusukela eminyakeni yakhe yokufunda ukuthi waqala ukubhala izinkondlo esemncane, siyazi futhi ukuthanda kwakhe imisebenzi yaseshashalazini, lapho abamba iqhaza khona ngesikhathi sobuntwana nasebusheni.

Kokunye ukuhambela kwakhe enhlokodolobha yaseSpain, Madrid, uhlangane nanoma ngubani umyeni wakhe, uManuel Murguía, Umbhali waseGalician nomuntu ovelele we 'Ukubuyela emuva'. URosalía ushicilele incwajana yezinkondlo ebhalwe ngeSpanishi, ayibize «Imbali ", yananelwa nguManuel Murguía, owakhuluma ngaye ku Iberia. Ngenxa yomngani ohlangene, bobabili bahlangane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ekugcineni shada ngonyaka we-1858, ikakhulukazi ngo-Okthoba 10, esontweni lesifunda iSan Ildefonso. Babenezingane eziyi-7.

Yize abanye abagxeki bemibhalo beqinisekisa ukuthi uRosalía wayengenayo le nto okuthiwa yayiwumshado ojabulisayo impela yize wayemthanda kakhulu umyeni wakhe, kuyaziwa impela ukuthi uManuel Murguía wamsiza kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe wokubhala, kwaze kwaba yilapho kushicilelwa lo msebenzi edume kakhulu eGalician «Izingoma ze-Galician», ekubeni ngumuntu ophethe kakhulu ngemuva kombhali uqobo, yiqiniso, ukuthi lo msebenzi uyaziwa namuhla futhi unawo bethi ukuvuselelwa kwezincwadi zaseGalician ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.

Uma kukodwa, ukubhala kwakunzima kwabesifazane ngaleso sikhathi, ake singakhulumi nokuthi kwakunzima kanjani ukukwenza ngesiGalician futhi bakufundele. Ulimi lwesiGalician lwaludicilelwe phansi kakhulu. Kwakufanele uqale ekuqaleni, ekuqaleni, ngoba lonke isiko lase lilahlekile. Kwakudingeka ukwehlukana nokunganaki nokwedelela okwakukhona olimini, kepha bambalwa kakhulu labo ababebheka lo msebenzi, ngoba lokhu bekungaba yisizathu sokwehliswa komphakathi futhi bekungakuboni ukubaluleka kokuthi uma ukwenzile ISpanishi. Ngakho-ke, URosalía de Castro wanikeza iGalician udumo lapho uyisebenzisa njengolimi lwe «Izingoma ze-Galician», ngaleyo ndlela kuhlanganiswa ukuvuselelwa kwamasiko olimi lwesiGalician.

Ngesikhathi somshado wakho, URosalía noManuel bashintsha ikheli labo ezikhathini eziningi: badlula e-Andalusia, e-Extremadura, eLevante futhi ekugcineni, badlula eCastile, ngaphambi kokubuyela eGalicia, lapho umlobi ahlala khona kwaze kwaba usuku lokufa kwakhe. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kungena nokuhamba usuka kwenye indawo uye kwenye, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezizathu zomsebenzi nezomnotho, yikho okwaholela ekutheni uRosalía ahlale engenathemba. Ekugcineni, washona ngo-1885 ngenxa ye umdlavuza wesibeletho ukuthi wayehlushwa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kuka-1883. Ekuqaleni, wangcwatshwa emathuneni ase-Adina, ase-Iria Flavia, ukuze kamuva akhiphe isidumbu sakhe ngoMeyi 15, 1891 ukuze asiwe eSantiago de Compostela, lapho angcwatshwa khona futhi i-mausoleum eyakhelwe yena ngokukhethekile ngumqophi uJesús Landeira, etholakala eChapel of the Visitation of the Santo Domingo de Bonaval Convent, ePantheon of Illustrious Galicians. Indawo, engcono kakhulu ngaphandle kokungabaza, kumGalician onikele konke ngomhlaba wakhe.

Indawo yokwakha

Umsebenzi wakhe, njengalowo ka UGustavo Adolfo Becquer, kuyingxenye ye- izinkondlo ezisondelene kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX, ebonakaliswa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngethoni elula neqondile enikeza umoya omusha, oqotho futhi othembekile ekunyakazeni kweRoma Romanticism.

Umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala waziwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngenxa yawo ukwakheka kwezinkondlo, eyenziwe ngemisebenzi emithathu eshicilelwe: Izingoma zaseGalician, Ushaya i-novas y Emabhange aseSar. Izincwadi ezimbili zokuqala zabhalwa ngesiGalician, futhi "Emabhange aseSar", umsebenzi wakhe wezinkondlo ngeSpanishi, wethula isisho esigxile emizweni yomuntu siqu nasezingxabanweni zangaphakathi esizibalulile ngenhla, zombhali: isizungu, ubuhlungu kanye nesifiso esijulile sesikhathi esedlule yimiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthintana nenkondlo ngezwi lobusha bakhe.

Futhi emsebenzini "Emabhange aseSar", ezinye zezici ezazivele zitholakale ekukhiqizweni kwakhe kwangaphambilini ngesiGalician ziyavela: "izithunzi", ubukhona bezidalwa ezingasekho, noma "abadabukisayo", abantu abakhelwe ngaphambili ebuhlungwini futhi behlaselwa yishwa. Ngokuqondile, ukuhlupheka komuntu okungaqondakali, lapho unembeza wakhe uvukela khona, kwesinye isikhathi ubhekana nenkolo yakhe.

URosalía de Castro uhlakulela inkondlo ebheka injongo yokuphila kusuka kumbono onesizungu nowonakele womhlaba. Lo mbono uqhubekisela phambili umlingiswa okhona obonwa kwabanye ababhali abanjengo U-Antonio Machado o Miguel de Unamuno. Kungale ndlela futhi, njengethoni yayo yokuvuma izono, ukwenziwa kweziqalo ezintsha noma ukusetshenziswa kwevesi lase-Alexandria (ivesi lamaqoqo ayishumi nane ayakhiwa ama-hemistichs amabili amaqoqo ayisikhombisa anomqondo othile kuhlamvu lwesithupha nolweshumi nantathu) ukuthambekela okusemthethweni kwezinkondlo zesimanjemanje.

«Izingoma ze-Galician»

Su umsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu, eshicilelwe ngo 1863, kubhalwe ngolimi lwakhe lwendabuko, isiGalician, ukusola ukungabi nabulungisa okwenziwa kubantu kanye namasiko aseGalician jikelele.

Le ncwadi enezinkondlo ezingama-36, kufaka phakathi isandulela ne-epilogue, iqala ngezwi lentokazi emenywe ukuthi icule, ixolise, nayo enkondlweni yokugcina, ngekhono layo elibi lokucula ngeGalicia nobuhle bayo. URosalía ubonakala kubo njengomlingiswa oyedwa, okwenza kucace ukuthanda kwakhe umphakathi waseGalician oshiwo.

Ezingomeni zeGalician, izingqikithi ezi-4 ezihlukene zihlukaniswe ngokucacile:

• Ingqikithi yothando: Izinhlamvu ezahlukahlukene zedolobha ezimeni nasezimweni ezahlukahlukene, phila uthando ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ngokusho kombono odumile.
• Ingqikithi yobuzwe: Kulezi zinkondlo ukuzigqaja kwabantu baseGalician kuyalwelwa, ukuxhashazwa kwabahlali bayo emazweni angaphandle ngenxa yokufuduka kuyagxekwa futhi ekugcineni, ukulahlwa lapho iGalicia ivezwe khona kuyaphikiswa.
• Indikimba yendaba: Incazelo nokulandisa kudalula ukwethula izinkolelo, ama-pilgrimages, ukuzinikela noma izinhlamvu ezivezwa yisiko elidumile laseGalician.
• Itimu esondelene nayo: Ngumbhali uqobo, uRosalía, oveza imizwa yakhe kwezinye izinkondlo.

Kuzo zombili i- "Cantares gallegos" kanye ne- "Follas novas", umbhali walulama izakhi eziningi zezinkondlo ezidumile nezinganekwane zaseGalician ezazikhohliwe amakhulu eminyaka. URosalía ucula ngobuhle bukaGalicia ezinkondlweni zakhe futhi uhlasela nalabo abahlasela abantu bakhe. Uvuna abampofu kanye nabasebenzi futhi uhlala ekhala ngobuphofu, ukufuduka kanye nezinkinga ezibandakanya lokhu. Lesi sibonelo esivela kulencwadi yezinkondlo sikhombisa ubuhlungu bomuntu othutha kwelinye izwe ovalelisa izwe lakhe:

Sala kahle udumo! Salani kahle!

Ngishiya indlu engazalelwa kuyo

Ngishiya lo muzi engiwaziyo

ngomhlaba engingazange ngiwubone.

Ngishiyela abangane abantu engingabazi 

Ngishiya isigodi ngasolwandle,

Ekugcineni ngishiya okuhle engikufunayo ...

Ubani ongakwazanga ukuhamba! ...

«Amafollas novas»

Le bekuyincwadi yokugcina yezinkondlo umbhali ayibhala ngesiGalician, eyashicilelwa ngo-1880. Leli qoqo lezinkondlo lihlukaniswe laba izingxenye ezinhlanu: Ukuzulazula, Obuseduze do, IVaria, Da terra e Njengoba ubuphila ababili bephila futhi njengoba ubuphila ababili befile, futhi izinkondlo zakhe zingezesikhathi ayehlala ngaso nomndeni wakwaSimanca.

Kulezi zinkondlo, uRosalía ukugxeka ukubekwa eceleni kwabesifazane ngaleso sikhathi futhi ubuye aqhubeke nokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukufa, okwedlule njengesikhathi esingcono, njll.

Njengeqiniso elithandekayo, sizothi esandulelweni sakhe, umbhali wakwenza kwacaca inhloso yakhe yokungabhali ngesiGalician futhi ngale migqa:

«Alá go, pois, as Follas novas, yeka ukuthi bangazibiza kanjani ngama-vellas, ngoba noma banjalo, futhi ekugcineni, ngoba bakhokhelwa yisikweletu okwakubonakala kimi ukuthi ngiyi-coa miña terra, kunzima kuye ukubhala amavesi amaningi ngolimi lwebele ».

Kuhunyushwe, kusho okulandelayo: "Manje-ke, amakhasi amasha, okungabizwa kangcono ukuthi amadala, ngoba akhona, futhi agcina, ngoba isikweletu ebengibonakala nginomhlaba wami sesikhokhiwe vele, kunzima kimi ukubhala amanye amavesi ku ulimi lwebele ".

temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba

Futhi yize ezikoleni besazisa ngoRosalía ongaziwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe futhi eyimbongi kuphela, iqiniso ukuthi naye wabhala iprozi. Okulandelayo, sikushiya ngeziphawuleka kakhulu:

• "Indodakazi yolwandle" (1859): Uzinikele ngokuphelele kumyeni wakhe uManuel Murguía. Impikiswano yakhe imi kanjena: Ngezehlakalo zempilo ka-Esperanza, intombazane yatakulwa emanzini ezimweni ezingajwayelekile, uTeresa, Candora, Angela, Fausto kanye ne-Ansot ekhohlakele, singena endaweni yonke yaseRosalia egcwele izithunzi, ukudangala nokukhathazeka kwenhliziyo. Ukuhlalisana kokungokoqobo nokungaqondakali, ukucabanga kokungabi nathemba lokuphila, ubukhulu bezinhlungu ngaphezu kwenjabulo ekubeni khona komuntu, ukuzwela ngokweqile maqondana nezwe, ukuvikela ababuthakathaka, ukulwelwa kwesithunzi sabesifazane, isililo sezintandane futhi zilahliwe ... ziyizimpawu eziphindaphindwayo zomsebenzi wombhali esizithola ekuqaleni kwesiqalo sakhe semibhalo, lapho lesi sihloko siyisibonelo esihle. URosalía akalona lelo zwi nje kuphela elincibilikayo elivela ezweni elinenkungu nelokukhumbula ekhaya ebelilolonga isiko elidumile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa ngumlobi onamandla futhi ozinikeleyo, osevele ekuloba kwakhe okokuqala ekulandiseni, omemezela umoya wobuhlakani obunye, wowesifazane ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe, njengabaphikisi bakhe, abekwazi ukucabanga ngomhlaba ngamehlo wokuzwela okukhethekile. Ungafunda umsebenzi wakhe mahhala kulokhu isixhumanisi.

• "Flavio" (1861): URosalía uchaza lo msebenzi ngokuthi "indatshana yenoveli" ngoba lokho akubalisayo kuyo kuyiminyaka yakhe yobusha. Kulomsebenzi indikimba yokuphoxeka kothando ivela njalo.

• "Mnumzane ofake amabhuzu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" (1867): Ngokusho kukaRosalía de Castro uqobo, lo msebenzi uluhlobo "lwendaba engajwayelekile" egcwele inganekwane ehlekisayo, edala ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba ezimnandi nezinezici zendabuko ezihlose ukwanelisa ubuzenzisi nokungazi komphakathi waseMadrid . Naphezu kokuyivelakancane kwayo, kubhekwa ngabagxeki bemibhalo umsebenzi wephrozi othakazelisa kakhulu wombhali waseGalician.

• "I-Conto Gallego" (1864), ebhalwe ngolimi lwesiGalician.
• "Ama-literatas" (1866).
• «I-Cadiceño» (1886).
• "Amanxiwa" (1866).
• "Uhlanya lokuqala" (1881).
• "NgeSonto Lamasundu" (1881).
• "IPadron nezikhukhula" (1881).
• «Amasiko aseGalician» (1881).

Igama likaRosalía de Castro namuhla

Namuhla, kunezindawo eziningi, izinkokhelo nezindawo zomphakathi ezikhumbula igama likaRosalía de Castro, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalokhu ekuvuseleleni ulimi lwesiGalician ezweni lethu. Ukubala nje ezimbalwa:

• Izikole emiphakathini yaseMadrid, e-Andalusia, eGalicia, njengakwezinye izifunda zaseSpain, nakwamanye amazwe. Amasayithi anegama lomlobi waseGalician atholakele eRussia, e-Uruguay naseVenezuela.
• Izikwele, amapaki, imitapo yolwazi, imigwaqo, Njll
• Un iwayini nehlelo lendabuko uRías Baixas.
• Un indiza yezindiza i-Iberia.
• Una indiza wokutakula olwandle.
• Izingcwecwe zokukhumbula, izithombe ezibaziwe, izithombe, imiklomelo yezinkondlo, imidwebo, amathikithi ISpanishi, njll.

Futhi njengoba wazi ukuthi bekulokhu kuvamile kuma-athikili ami, ngikushiya ne- umbiko wevidiyo Mayelana nomlobi, cishe imizuzu engama-50, okhuluma ngempilo yakhe nomsebenzi wakhe. Kuphelele kakhulu futhi kuyajabulisa. Ngikushiyela nezingcaphuno ezimbalwa engizithanda kakhulu:

• Mayelana amaphupho adlisa umphefumulo:  «Uyajabula othi, uma ephupha, afe. Umkhohlakali ofa engaphuphi ".
• Mayelana ubusha nokungafi: "Igazi lentsha liyabila, inhliziyo iphakeme igcwele umoya, futhi ihlakaniphile icabanga amaphupho futhi ikholelwa ukuthi umuntu, njengonkulunkulu, akafi.