UGonzalo de Berceo

UGonzalo de Berceo wayeyimbongi yaseSpain; Empeleni, Waziwa kabanzi ngokubhekwa njengowokuqala kwezentengiselwano ngolimi lwaseSpain. Uyaziswa emhlabeni wokubhala ngekhwalithi yemibhalo yakhe yangenkathi ephakathi. Umsebenzi wakhe wamfaka njengomuntu obhalayo nongumfundisi, enezikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu. Imisebenzi yakhe yayiqhutshwa ukuzinikela kwakhe okukhulu nothando lwenkolelo yobuKristu.

Ngaphandle kokujabulela ukuthandwa ngesikhathi sakhe sokuba yindoda yokholo, UGonzalo de Berceo ukwazile ukudlula isikhathi ngenxa yeqhaza lakhe njengombhali. Ubuciko bethalente lalesi sakhi bokuthi buqhathaniswe kuphela nababhali besimo sikaPer Abbat, umbhali (umhlanganisi) we Ingoma yami Cid.

Iphrofayili yomlando

Ukuzalwa nobuntwana

UMaese Gonzalo de Berceo wazalwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1195, mhlawumbe cishe ngonyaka ka-1198 noma ngo-XNUMX, eBerceo, eSpain. Lesi sifunda siphakathi kweSan Millán de Cogolla (La Rioja) neCalahorra, (Logroño). Yize engekho amarekhodi omlando womndeni wakhe noma yobuntwana bakhe kanjalo, kuyaziwa ukuthi wayenomfowabo, owagcina ukuzibophezela kwezenkolo njengomfundisi.

Ngesikhathi esemncane, uGonzalo wakhuliswa esigodlweni sezindela saseSan Millán de Suso. Kodwa-ke, indlu yakhe yokufunda bekuzoba yisigodlo esingumakhelwane saseSan Millán de la Cogolla eminyakeni edlule. Lapho, wamukelwa njengompristi wezwe. Kwathi ngo-1221 wenza indlela yakhe njengomdikoni.

Ngo-1222, iRiojan yahola ukuqeqeshwa kwayo kwezemfundo eStudium Generale de Palencia esithandwayo - ifomethi yokuqala yeyunivesithi ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Kamuva, ngo-1227 nangaphansi kokuholwa uMbhishobhi uDon Tello Téllez de Meneses, uBerceo waphothula izifundo zakhe zemfundo ephakeme. Ngale mpumelelo, wazimisa njengelungu elibalulekile futhi wakhipha okukhulu kwe-mester yabefundisi.

Ukuguquguquka kwendela

Ngaphandle kompristi nedikoni, Le nkolo ezisholo ukuthi yayikhonza futhi yayingumpristi. Wenza lokho kusuka ngonyaka we-1237. Ukufanele ukukhuliswa esigodlweni sezindela - futhi enesikhundla esikhulu sobuphathi - umsebenzi wakhe awugcinanga lapho. Lapho nje esethole ithuba, wazisebenzisa njengomhlahlandlela wamaqembu ama-novice.

Ngasikhathi sinye, wasebenza njengothisha wokuvuma izono futhi waba ngummeli olungisa izivumelwano ngokwenkolo. Ukwehluka kolwazi lwakhe nokuqeqeshwa okunzulu kwamenza waba yisazi esihamba phambili, uthisha, umbhali kanye nochwepheshe kwezokubhala.

Inkolo yembongi

Impilo yakhe njengendela yanquma inkomba ezothathwa ngamavesi akhe nemisebenzi elandelwayo. Umongo womsebenzi wakhe wokubhala kwakuhlala kungukuphambanisa kokukhulekela nenkolo. UMaster Gonzalo wabona ubukhulu nobulula lapho ezwakalisa izingoma zakhe ezibhekiswe kosanta nakonkulunkulu abajabulela ukukhulekelwa kwakhe ezindlini zezindela.

Imisebenzi yakhe yaba yindawo lapho ephinda khona ukuzinikela kwakhe kwezenkolo nothando lokholo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babeyindlela yokufinyelela ekusondeleni okuthile kubantu futhi babe nethuba lokukhulisa inkolo yabo ngamavesi asankondlo.

Umsebenzi wakhe obhaliwe ubususelwa ikakhulu kuma-hagiographies. Lokho wukuthi, emibhalweni yomlando egxile kosanta nakwezinye izithombe zenkolo.

Umyalezo Wabefundisi

Umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma ngesisekelo se-mester de clerecía ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngoGonzalo de Berceo. Ngokuthatha isikhundla esiphambili kulesi sikole samadoda afundile, Lo mbhali wangenkathi ephakathi wazithola esemsebenzini onzima wokudala nokucwengisisa lonke ulimi lwesiCastilian. Konke lokhu, ukucebisa izincwadi nokuthola isitayela saso.

Ngemuva kokuhlanganisa ulimi lwakhe lwaseRiojan - olujwayelekile emaphandleni - nezinkondlo zabaculi, nezinye izindlela zokubhala kanye nomama wezilimi zaseRomance, isiLatin, imbongi - ekugcineni - yafika. Umphumela wakho konke lokhu kuhlanganiswa unikele ngendlela ebabazekayo ekwandisweni kolimi lwaseSpain oluhlanganisiwe emhlabeni wonke, ukuvula indlela, yona, eya ku izinkondlo womlingiswa oyisifundiswa.

ICuaderna nge emsebenzini kaBerceo

Isitayela esilinywa nguGonzalo de Berceo, futhi kamuva owamukela i-mester de clerecía, saziwa njenge-cuaderna nge. Luhlobo lwesitanza esijwayelekile semitha yaseSpain. Iqukethe amavesi amane anamaqoqo ayishumi nane (Alexandria), ahlukaniswe ngama hemistichs amabili amaqoqo ayisikhombisa. Konke okunemvumelwano yongwaqa.

Uhlaka lwegama nge- Kuvela emsebenzini wokuqala ngeSpanishi obhalwe ngale ndlela. Kuthiwani Incwadi ka-Alexandre, inkondlo yokubhalwa okungaziwa ngempilo ka-Alexander the Great. Igama lesiLatini lisho I-Quadrivium, ukwakheka kwezifundo ezijwayelekile zaleso sikhathi.

Uhlaka nge Kuyinto inguqulo yesiCastilian yevesi lase-Alexandria elivela eFrance. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi eSpain lo mthombo ubukade uyisitayela esisetshenziswa kuphela ngamalungu abefundisi noma amadoda anezifundo.

Basque emsebenzini kaBerceo

Umlando ulandisa ukuthi esigodlweni sezindela saseSan Millán de la Cogolla - lapho uGonzalo ayesondele khona - kwakhulunywa isiBasque, kanye namadolobha amaningi aseduze eRiojan. Yize imbongi edumile yafunda isiLatini nezinye izilimi zobuRoma ngokuqeqeshwa kwayo kwezenkolo, amagama esiBasque ayengasweleki emisebenzini yayo.

Eqinisweni, ingxenye enkulu yemisebenzi, ukuhumusha nemibhalo etholwe nguGonzalo de Berceo yabhalwa ngesiBasque. Lolu limi kungenzeka ukuthi oludala kunazo zonke eYurophu. Okubizwa nge- "Basque" kwakusetshenziswa kabanzi ngezikhathi zasendulo, njengeLatin neCastilian. Eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthi umbhali ube nesandla esikhulu ekwakheni lesi sakamuva.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yakhe

Ikhulu leshumi nambili lalihlotshiswe ngosiba lwalo mbhali ovelele. Indlela yokuba nguGonzalo de Berceo nothando lwakhe olusankondlo nakanjani kwamholela ekucebiseni ngezincwadi. Umsebenzi wakhe wawunamavesi angaphezu kuka-13.000 futhi engekho ngaphansi. Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi anikezwe isihloko esithi "Ubaba wezinkondlo zaseCastilian." Abanye abagxeki bachaza umsebenzi wakhe wobuhlakani njengomkhulu futhi omangalisayo.

Isitayela saphakade

Amandla akhe okubhala awazange aveze ifomu elinodlame, okuphambene nalokho. UBerceo usebenzise inkondlo ethandwayo, yendabuko, ethobekile, ethinta isigodi nenkolo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ekuhumusheni imisebenzi eyayibhalwe phambilini ngesiLatini, kuphinde kwaveza okwangempela empikiswaneni yokubhala kwakhe nangokuthi wanikela ngempilo yakhe.

Umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala wayehlala esetshenziswa ngaphansi kokuqaliswa kwe-cuaderna nge. Lokhu, waze washona eSan Millan de la Cogolla, phakathi kuka-1264 noma u-1268.

Ubuthathu bezinkondlo nezinguqulo

Ukwenza kukaBerceo kunogqozi oluphawulekayo ezincwadini ezingcwele, nasemoyeni ongaqondakali wenkolo. Imisebenzi yakhe yakhiwa ubuthathu obungenkondlo lapho bagqama khona:

• Izimpilo zabangcwele.
• UMarian uyasebenza.
• Imisebenzi yezemfundo.

Ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, ukwenza kwakhe izinkondlo kwathonywa uchungechunge lwezihumusho zamaculo esonto awenza.

Isikhathi sabangcwele

Isebenza njenge Impilo yaseSan Millán, Impilo kaSanto Domingo de Silos, Inkondlo kaSanta Oria kanye nokufel 'ukholo kukaSan Lorenzo, bakha lesi sigaba sokuqala. Kubonakala ngokugcizelela imibhalo yabalingiswa bayo. Imininingwane yayo kanye nokuvumelana kwe-minstrel kwakususelwa kuzisekelo zaseLatin namasiko ezifundiso.

UMarian wamanje

Kulesi sigaba sokuzinikela ku-Virgin Mary, uBerceo uzuze iziqu ezintathu eziyizicucu ezibalulekile: Ukudumisa uMama Wethu, Ukulila kweNtombi Enyazi kanye Nezimangaliso Zenkosikazi Yethu, owokugcina kungumsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu. Kugqama ngamavesi alo amahle futhi asezingeni eliphakeme kunina kaJesu.

Lolu chungechunge lwezinkondlo ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu luchaza uMariya njengomlingiswa onxusela ngamunye wamakholwa phambi kukaNkulunkulu, enza izimangaliso ezahlukahlukene zesicelo ngasinye. Ngale nkondlo isifiso sikaGonzalo de Berceo kwakungukukhuthaza ukholo emphakathini.

Mayelana nemfundiso

Kulesi sikhathi, imisebenzi yokubhala efana nale: Ngezimpawu ezivela ngaphambi Kokwahlulela Kokugcina y Komhlatshelo wemisa, hlanganisa ubuthathu obusankondlo balo mbhali odumile. Ngesihloko sokuqala, ikhuluma ngendikimba yesahlulelo sokugcina seBhayibheli esaziwayo kanye nezimpawu ezahlukahlukene umhlaba ozoba nazo ngaphambi kwalo mcimbi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emsebenzini wesibili, uBerceo waveza ngokuningiliziwe okufanekisela izigaba zesisindo. Wabuye wenza incazelo yokunyakaza kwabapristi, njengokungathi kwakuyincwadi yesandla.

Izimangaliso ze-Our Lady, ucezu (amavesi kusuka ku-1265 kuya ku-1287)

XIV

“ISan Miguel de la Tumba yisigodlo esikhulu,

Ulwandle luzungeze yonke into, u-Elli ulele phakathi,

i-logar ye-periglossal ihlupheka nge-lazerio enkulu

izindela ezihlala e-essi ciminterio.

Kulesi sigodlo sezindela esisikhethile,

avié yezindela ezinhle, isigodlo esihle esifakazelwe,

I-altare laseGloriosa licebile futhi libiza kakhulu,

kuso isithombe esicebile sentengo ephezulu kakhulu.

Lesi sithombe sasesihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi sihleli

Ngimile ezandleni zakhe, kuyisiko,

Ukuhleka okuzungezile, ngangiphelezelwa kahle,

njengoba indlovukazi kaNkulunkulu ecebile ingcwelisiwe.

Nganginomqhele ocebile njengendlovukazi ecebile,

kokufakwa kwayo okunothile endaweni yekhethini,

Yayingene kahle, yelahle kakhulu,

Bengibaluleke kakhulu kubantu bessi ukwedlula i-avié vezina ”.

Qedela uhlu lwemisebenzi yakhe

Izinkondlo

• Impilo yaseSan Millán.
• Impilo kaSanto Domingo de Silos.
• Inkondlo kaSanta Oria.
• Ukubulawa kukaSaint Lawrence.
• Izindumiso Zethu.
• Ukulila kweNtombi.
• Izimangaliso Zomama Wethu.
• Ngezimpawu ezivela ngaphambi Kokwahlulela Kokugcina.
• Komhlatshelo wemisa.

Amaculo

• Kusuka ku-Ave maris stella.
• Woza uMdali Spiritus.
• Kusuka kuChristi, qui lux es et uyafa.

Eminye imisebenzi

• Intombi Engcwele Auria.
• Inkondlo ka-Alexander the Great.
• Impilo kaSan Lorenzo.
• ICantica.