Ukucaphuna kukaGerardo Diego.
UGerardo Diego Cendoya wayeyimbongi nomlobi waseSpain, ethathwa njengomunye wamalungu ayizifanekiselo kakhulu walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiGeneration of 27. Emsebenzini wakhe wobungcweti, wagqama njengoprofesa wezincwadi nomculo. Ukuphatha kwakhe upiyano kwakukuhle kakhulu. Kanye namanye amalungu enhlangano eshiwo ngenhla yobuciko nefilosofi, wahola phambili ekusungulweni kwembongi edumile.
Ngokufanayo, uhole "ukutholwa kabusha kwe-gongorism." Lokhu kwakuwumkhuba ophakeme wamasiko phakathi neSpanish Golden Age, inhloso yayo kwakuwukuphakamisa umsebenzi kaGóngora. Ngasekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, Umsebenzi wokubhala kaDiego wahlonishwa ngomklomelo weMiguel de Cervantes ngo-1979 (ngokubambisana noJorge Luis Borges).
I-Biography
Ubuntwana nezifundo
Wazalelwa eSantander, ngo-Okthoba 3, 1896. Emndenini wabathengisi bezindwangu, okwamnika ukuqeqeshwa okuhle kwezengqondo. Empeleni, UGerardo osemusha wakwazi ukugqama ezifundweni zomculo, upiyano, ukudweba nezincwadi zezincwadi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umgxeki odumile uNarciso Alonso Cortés wayengomunye wabafundisi bakhe. Wafaka kuye uthando lwezincwadi.
ENyuvesi yaseDeusto wafunda ifilosofi nezincwadi. Lapho wahlangana noJuan Larrea, owasungula ubungane obuyinhloko nomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala. Noma kunjalo, iziqu zobudokotela ekugcineni zatholakala eNyuvesi yaseMadrid. Kuleyo ndlu yezifundo wathola usihlalo woLimi noLwazi, okuyisifundo asifundisa kamuva ezindaweni ezinjengeSoria, Cantabria, Asturias naseMadrid.
Imisebenzi yokuqala
Udaba Ibhokisi likamkhulu (1918) kwakuyisiqalo sakhe semibhalo, eshicilelwe ku- Iphephandaba i-Montañés. Futhi, ngaleso sikhathi ibambisane nemidiya ehlukahlukene yokuphrinta. Phakathi kwazo, Umagazini weGrail, ICastellana Magazine. Ubuye wabhala namanye amaphephabhuku avant-garde afana nawo Greece, Umbukiso o Cervantes. Enhlokodolobha yaseSpain waqala ukuya kaningi e-athenaeum nokuzondla ngomsebenzi wobuciko obusayo ekuqaleni kwawo-20.
Ukuthandana kukamakoti (1920) kwakuyincwadi yakhe yokuqala yezinkondlo. Kulo mbhalo, ithonya likaJuan Ramón Jiménez nokunamathela kwakhe ezindleleni zendabuko liyabonakala. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuhlala isikhashana eParis, uGerardo Diego waqala ukuncika kumathrendi we-avant-garde. Lokhu kwakuxhunywe ekudalweni kwendalo kanye nezingoma zomculo ezimnandi.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kubheke kwisitayela se-avant-garde
Inhlokodolobha yaseFrance yasondeza imbongi isuka eSandander icubism. Kusuka kulolo lwazi waqala wahlanganisa izingqikithi ezimbili noma ezintathu enkondlweni eyodwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wafaka ukwakhiwa kwezithombe ezincwadini zakhe zezinkondlo. Lezi zici ziyabonakala ezincwadini zakhe ezilandelayo, Imagen (1922) futhi Ibhukwana le-Foam (1924).
Ngezansi kunesiqeshana senkondlo ethi "Creationism" (ekupheleni kwesahluko sokuqala se- Imagen):
"Anicabangi yini bafowethu
ukuthi sesiphile iminyaka eminingi ngeSabatha?
Siphumule
ngoba uNkulunkulu usinikeze konke okwenziwe.
Futhi asenzanga lutho, ngoba umhlaba
kangcono kunoNkulunkulu.
Bafowethu, ake siqede ubuvila.
Ake silingise, ake sakhe uMsombuluko wethu
ngoLwesibili nangoLwesithathu,
uLwesine noLwesihlanu wethu.
… Asenzeni uGenesisi wethu.
Ngamapulangwe aphukile
ngezitini ezifanayo,
ngamatshe achithakele,
Masiphakamise imihlaba yethu futhi
Ikhasi alinalutho. "
Ngokusho kukaRuiza et al. (2004), indlela eyiyo yokuhlaziya umsebenzi kaDiego “ngokuqashelwa kwalezi zindlela ezimbili ezihambisanayo ezimelwe, ngokusho kwakhe, ngokuthi 'izinkondlo ezihlobene', ezixhaswe yiqiniso eliqondakalayo, kanye 'nezinkondlo eziphelele', ezixhaswe ngendlela efanayo igama lezinkondlo futhi okwesibili empeleni elikhona ”.
Ukungcweliswa
Amavesi womuntu.
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Amavesi womuntu
Ngo-1925 uGerardo Diego washicilelwa Amavesi womuntu, iqoqo lezinkondlo eziphawule izinguquko emsebenzini wakhe wokubhala. Ngawo lowo nyaka wabonwa ngeNational Prize for Literature (etholwa kanye noRafael Alberti). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi wayehlala isikhathi eside eGijón, lapho asungula khona omagazini Carmen y Lola, zombili i-avant-garde cut.
Ukuze kulwelwe i-gongorism
Umbhali waseCantabrian uphethe, kanye no-Alberti, uPedro Salinas noMelchor Fernández Almagro, uchungechunge lwamahlelo nezingqungquthela zesikhumbuzo ngesikhathi se-Centennial of Góngora. Lo mkhankaso wajoyinwa ababhali besimo sikaDámaso Alonso, García Lorca, Bergamín, Gustavo Durán, Moreno Villa, Marichalar noJosé María Hinojosa.
Izinkondlo Spanish
Ngo-1931 wayiswa eSantander Institute, phambilini wayeke wanikeza izinkulumo nezingqisho e-Argentina nase-Uruguay. Ngemuva konyaka kwavela i-anthology enikeze udumo olucacile kwizimbongi ze Isizukulwane sama-27: Izinkondlo zaseSpain: 1915 - 1931.
Le ncwadi ibuye ihlanganise ababhali beSilver Age abanjengoMiguel de Unamuno no-Antonio Machado. Yize enguqulweni yesibili (1934), uJuan Ramón Jiménez wanquma ukuzikhipha yena yedwa. Uhlu lwezimbongi zesikhathi samanje ezikhona ku-anthology lubandakanya:
- URuben Dario.
- IValle-Inclán.
- UFrancisco Villaespesa.
- U-Eduardo Marquina.
- U-Enrique de Mesa.
- UTomás Morales.
- UJosé del Río Sainz.
- Alonso Quesada.
- UMauricio Bacarisse.
- U-Antonio Espina.
- UJuan José Domenchina.
- ULeon Felipe.
- URamón de Basterra.
- U-Ernestina de Champourcín.
- UJosefina de la Torre.
Ngaphambi nangemva kwempi yombango
Ngo-1932, uDiego washicilela eMexico Inganekwane ye-Equis ne-Zeda, elingisa ngamabomu elandisa izinganekwane nezingcweti. Ngawo lowo nyaka waqala Izinkondlo ngenhloso, umsebenzi okhombisa iphethini le-baroque metric — enezishumi zangempela kanye nesithupha sangempela - ukunikeza ukuvumelana kwengqikithi ye-avant-garde. Ngasikhathi sinye, phakathi neminyaka yangaphambi kwempi yombango, umbhali waseSpain wanikeza izingqungquthela emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngo-1934 washada noGermaine Berthe Louise Marin, isakhamuzi saseFrance. Wayemncane kunaye ngeminyaka eyishumi nambili. Babenezingane eziyisithupha. Lapho kuqala impi yombango, uDiego wayeseFrance, nezihlobo zomkakhe. Ubuyele eSantander ngo-1937, ngemuva kokunqoba kwamabutho kaGeneral Francisco Franco.
UFrancoist
UGerardo Diego uthathe isikhundla ngokungangabazeki esivuna i-phalanx yamaFrancoist futhi wahlala eSpain ngesikhathi sobushiqela. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala awuzange uthinteke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sama-1940 wangena eRoyal Academy (1947) futhi washicilela imisebenzi yakhe eminingi ebabazekayo. Phakathi kwabo: Izingelosi zaseCompostela (1940), I-lark yangempela (1941) futhi Inyanga ehlane (1949).
Ngendlela efanayo, wabhala izihloko kubasekeli abehlukene bezindaba zombuso, njengephephandaba INew Spain kusuka ku-Oviedo nakomagazini I-Vertex, Vimba, ISpanishi y Igama lokubuka. Ukwesekwa kwakhe ngoFranco kwanqatshwa ngabangane bakhe abaningi besizukulwane, ikakhulukazi lapho engazange akhuthaze ukukhululwa kukaMiguel Hernández.
Ukuhlangana kwayo? ukulungiswa
Pablo Neruda wagxeka kakhulu isikhundla sikaDiego kwamanye amavesi akhe Jikelele hlabelela. Kodwa-ke, okungenhla kushiwo ku Umlando womuntu: "Impi ... ayizange isivimbele kokuncane ukuthi silondoloze ubungane bethu, futhi, nokwehluka okwandayo kwezinkondlo, ngoba abanye baqala ukwenza uhlobo oluthile lwezinkondlo".
Ifa
UGerardo Diego Cendoya wayenempilo ende. Ushone eMadrid eneminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, ngoJulayi 8, 1987. Ngalesi sizathu - ikakhulukazi kusukela esikhathini sangemva kwempi - ibinesikhathi sokwandisa inani layo lezincwadi liye ezincwadini ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu. Cishe bonke bangabohlobo lohlobo lwezinkondlo, okukhona phakathi kwalo okuvelele kakhulu:
- I-biography engaphelele (1953).
- Izinkondlo zothando (1965).
- Buyela ku-pilgrim (1967).
- Isisekelo sokufuna (1970).
- Amavesi aphezulu (1971).
Ekugcineni — eceleni kwemikhuba emibi— Ifa elikhulu lombhali weSantander lalinganiswa empilweni yakhe noMiguel de Cervantes Prize ngo-1980. Lo mklomelo wanikezwa yena ngendlela ehlanganyelwe noJorge Luis Borges (kube ukuphela kwesikhathi lapho enikezwe ngale ndlela). Akumangalisi ukuthi ithonya likaGerardo Diego ezinkondlweni zaseCantabrian nasezweni lonke lisasebenza kuze kube namuhla.