UCoplas ekufeni kukayise.
UCoplas ekufeni kukayise Kungumsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu wembongi yaseSpain yangaphambi kokuzalwa kukaJorge Manrique (1440-1479). Izinsuku zokubhala zaqala ngoNovemba 11, 1476. Yaqedwa emva kwamahora nje kuphela kushonile inkosi uSantiago Rodrigo Manrique — ubaba nomqondisi womlobi—, isisulu sesimila somdlavuza.
Le nkondlo imele obunye bobufakazi obubaluleke kakhulu bokubhalwa kwezincwadi ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwesiCastilian njengolimi oluhamba phambili endaweni yaseSpain. Ngendlela efanayo, ngesinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zalokho i-elegy okuyikho. Kuyisigcawu esinombhalo ozwakalayo onhlosongqangi yalo ukukhala ngokushona komuntu futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuhlonipha impilo nomsebenzi wakhe.
Umbhali
Usuku lokuzalwa luka UJorge Manrique. Yize izazi-mlando zivame ukuvuma ukuthi zenzeka ngesikhathi esithile sonyaka we-1440, eParedes de Nava. Leli dolobha namuhla liphethe isigaba sikamasipala, lisendaweni yesifundazwe sasePalencia, eCastilla y León.
Umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala wahlanganyelwa nomsebenzi wezempi, lapho, wakhushulwa kalula. Kungaba maphakathi nezabelo zempi lapho ukufa kungakabi yisikhathi kuye (ngeminyaka engama-39). Wayelwa phakathi kwabanqobi eMpini Enkulu Yokulandelana KweCastilian. Le mpi yaphela ngokugcotshwa kuka-Isabel umKatolika ngokuphelele.
Umsebenzi kaJorge Manrique
Yize edlula ngokushesha emhlabeni wabantu abafayo nezibopho zakhe njengendoda yempi, Ukudalwa kwezinkondlo kukaJorge Manrique kwakukukhulu impela. Akumangalisi ukuthi ubhekwa njengomunye wababhali abanethonya kakhulu e-Iberia cishe kuzo zonke izizukulwane ezalandela.
Iphayona, elinesibindi, elihlabayo ... lamanje
Isitayela sakhe se-burlesque, esihlekisayo nesothando sigcine ukusebenza kwaso ngesikhathi sesimanje nangemva kwesikhashana. Empeleni, Akuyona into engavamile ukuthola izingcezu zemidlalo yaseshashalazini yangaleso sikhathi namafilimu aneziza ezithonywe yizinhlelo zikaManrique., ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane. Ngokunjalo, wayengomunye wababhali bokuqala ukubhekana ngokusemthethweni ne-eroticism, ngokusobala nangaphandle kwamagama mbumbulu.
Ngenxa yalokho - njengoba kwakulindelekile ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu - kwaholela emahlazweni amaningi kanye nokucasuka okukhulu phakathi kwemibuthano yamandla. Yize, ngaphesheya "kokugxila" kwezingqikithi zemigqa yayo, ngokwesakhiwo sokulandisa, Kwakuwukuveza okuthembekile kwemithetho eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi.
Imbongi enothando, eyindida ne-burlesque ngokulingana
UJorge Manrique.
Emisebenzini yakhe eminingi, uManrique wanikeza isikhala esikhulu enkanukweni nasekukhanukelweni okunongwe ngezinto ezingcolile. Ngale njongo, izimo ezengeziwe ezivela empilweni yakhe yangasese, kanye nokuzijabulisa kwakhe okuningi kwezothando ngisho nomshado wakhe noDona Giomar de Castañeda.
Ekugcineni, kwamanye amavesi akhe wanikeza umbono womlingiswa obucayi kakhulu, wakha izihloko ezifana nezifungo zobumpofu kanye nencazelo yokulalela. Ngokulinganayo, izimpikiswano zavela esandleni sehlaya elimnyama (lalinesibindi futhi ngaphambi kwesikhathi salo) ukuxhashazwa ngendlela eqondile, ukunciphisa. Ngakho-ke, uManrique uqoqe inani elikhulu labakhubekile (ikakhulukazi abesifazane).
UCoplas ekufeni kukayise
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: UCoplas ekufeni kukayise
Ngaphakathi kwemibhalo kaJorge Manrique, UCoplas ekufeni kukayise kungumsebenzi oyingqayizivele. Ikakhulu ngokwesakhiwo, ulimi, into enomsindo kanye nentukuthelo yengqondo, ukungafani kusobala uma kuqhathaniswa nemisebenzi yangaphambilini yombhali waseCastilian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokukhokhisa uyise, akazange abe nesikhathi sokubhala okuningi.
Imbongi yaseParede isebenzise ukusizakala kwemizwa exubile ebivele ngesikhathi somngcwabo kayise ukwakha itshe leqiniso lezincwadi zesiCastilian. Akaze nanini abubalekele ubuhlungu, futhi akazange angene esilingweni sokunambitha imizwa yakhe. Umphumela ungumsebenzi oyiqiniso nowangempela, okwazi ukukhiqiza imizwa "kubanda kakhulu" yabafundi.
Imibhalo edlule?
Abanye abacwaningi bomsebenzi kaManrique bathi bathole izinkomba zokuthi ingxenye enhle yalesi siqephu yabhalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwenkosi uRodrigo Manrique. Ngokwethiyori, beka ukwakheka kwabo "ekuqaleni" esikhathini eside ngokwengeziwe, esihlanganisa iminyaka eyi-10 ezungeze ama-1460s.
Ngokufanayo, kucatshangwa ukuthi i-oda lasekuqaleni lezitanza laba nezinguquko ngesikhathi sokubhalwa okuqhubekayo. Akulona iqiniso elincane, njengoba kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukugcwaliseka kwayo kwenzeka lapho ukusetshenziswa kwabezindaba bekungakabi yinkinga ejwayelekile.
Isakhiwo
UManrique usebenzisa isitayela isihloko saso esivela egameni lakhe: manriqueñas sextillas (ebizwa nangokuthi “de pie quebrado”). Ingqikithi, umsebenzi uqukethe amavesi angama-40, ahlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu. Ngokulandelayo, akhiwe ngamavesi ezinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili ahlanganiswe namanye amaqoqo amathathu, aqoqwe ngo-sextillae ngababili ngababili. Imilolotelo ilandela inhlanganisela elandelayo: abc: abc- def: def.
I-Thematic
Intela kababa ibangela ukuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke izimfanelo zakhe. KwiManrique, isithombe sikayise siyisibonelo sobuhle, ukuphakama kanye nesibindi. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuphazanyiswa kokufa kubangela zonke izinhlobo zokucabanga. Yini okufanele ilindelwe kuwo? Kwenzekani kulabo asebashona? ...
Lokho kungabaza kokuqala kuphakamise ukuhlanganisa intambo yengcezu engxenyeni yokuqala. Ngemuva kwalokho kuphakama omunye umbuzo ohlobene kakhulu: bayaphi (ngemuva kokufa)? Ngokuphambene nalokho, izitha zikababa zibonakala zikhombisa konke okungahambi kahle.
Ukufa: umeluleki ongalindelekile
Umusho kaJorge Manrique.
Umbhali usebenzisa isibalo sokufa njengomlingiswa onendima ephambili emsebenzini. Yize ezigabeni zokuqala ecacisa ukuthi uyingxenye yendlela efanayo ahamba kuyo "empilweni", ngendlela efanayo "ungumuntu" okwaziyo ukweluleka labo "abasaphila". Ngalo mqondo, uncoma (ukufa) ukuthi angakhohlwa okulandelayo: ukuphila kuyinto yesikhashana futhi ngasikhathi sinye kunesihluku.
Ucezu:
"Ukuphila okuhlala njalo
awunqobi ngezifundazwe
okomhlaba,
noma ngempilo ethandekayo
lapho kuhlala khona izono
isihogo;
kodwa inkolo enhle
uwine ngemikhuleko
nangezinyembezi;
Madoda adumile,
ngemishikashika nezinhlupheko
ngokumelene namaMoor ”.
Ngemuva kokufa
Esinye isiqubulo esivezwe umvuni omubi: enye impilo "yinde", "izoba nodumo olukhazimula kakhulu kunalokhu okusele lapha." Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali ucabangisisa ngokuba lusizo kwangempela kwempahla ebonakalayo kanye neminye imibuzo (Okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kugcine kungaphezulu).
Ucezu:
"Ngaleyo ndlela izimpahla - ziyafa
nangomjuluko - bafuna
nezinsuku;
ububi buza begijima;
emva kokufika, zihlala
okuningi kakhulu ".
Emigqeni yokugcina, uManrique akakhohlwa ukukhuluma ngokubaluleka kukaNkulunkulu, kanye nokuzwakalisa kahle ukubabaza nokwesaba kwakhe uKristu. Ekugcineni, kuyadingeka ukubeka kumongo ukweqisa komuntu siqu kwe- UCoplas ekufeni kukayise kombhali. Ukuba ngomunye wemisebenzi yakhe yokugcina eyaziwayo, bekuziphindisela kakhulu.