Amadolobha Amabili AseSpain Phakathi Kwamadolobha Wezincwadi Zase-Unesco

La UNESCO ngiqale ukwakha i- Inethiwekhi Yamadolobha Okudala ngo-2004, lapho imikhakha eminingana ibonwa khona: Izincwadi, ICinema, Umculo, Ubuciko kanye Nobuciko Obudumile, Umklamo, Ubuciko Bedijithali neGastronomy.

Indlela yokukhetha i- Amadolobha Ezincwadi Zihlobene nomlando wokushicilela, izinhlelo zemfundo kanye nenani lemitapo yolwazi, izitolo zezincwadi nezikhungo zamasiko edolobheni. Futhi imikhosi yokubhala nokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi. Kusukela lapho, esigabeni sezincwadi, inikeze umklomelo emadolobheni angama-20 emhlabeni jikelele kanti amabili yiSpanish, IBarcelona neGranada. USegovia njengamanje ubanga iMklomelo.

I-Edinburgh (Scotland)

I-Edinburgh kwakuyiDolobha lokuqala lezincwadi we-UNESCO ngo-2004. Yini i-Edinburgh okufanele ibe yidolobha elibhalayo? Ababhali bokufaneleka kwamazwe omhlaba abanjengoWalter Scott noma uRobert Louis Stevenson, omkhulu kunabo bonke Umkhosi Wezincwadi Wamazwe Omhlaba lapho kudlula khona ababhali abangaphezu kwama-800 unyaka nonyaka nedolobha  izitolo zezincwadi ezingaphezu kwama-50.

I-Melbourne (Australia)

IMelbourne yayiyidolobha lezincwadi ze-UNESCO lesibili, ngo-2008, eminyakeni emine kamuva. Yini iMelbourne okumele ibe yidolobha lezincwadi? A inethiwekhi enkulu yemitapo yolwazi nezitolo zezincwadi, Inethiwekhi enkulu kunazo zonke yase-Australia yokushicilela kanye nemikhosi emine yezincwadi: IMelbourne Writers Festival, i-Overload Poetry Festival, i-Alfred Deakin Innovation Seminar ne-Emerging Writers Festival.

I-Iowa (USA)

Yini okufanele i-Iowa ibe idolobha elibhalayo? Kungumuzi lapho wafundiswa khona i-Master yokuqala ye-Creative Writing emhlabeni, ngo-1936. Ababhali bayo abangama-25 bawine umklomelo wePulitzer kusukela ngo-1955. Iphatha imikhosi eminingana yemibhalo nemincintiswano futhi inenethiwekhi enkulu yezitolo zezincwadi.

I-Dublin (Ireland)

Ngabe yini iDublin okufanele ibe yidolobha lokubhala? Ngaphezu kokuba yindawo yesehlakalo se- Ulysses nguJames Joyce, gubha i- Bloomsday umkhosi wonke wokumhlonipha lapho abantu begqoka njengabalingiswa abasuka kule noveli. Ngaphandle kukaJoyce, bangamaDublin Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, WB Yeats (Nobel Prize), Samuel Beckett, Jonathan Swift, Bernard Shaw (Nobel Prize), Samuel Beckett (Nobel Prize) noma Seamus Heaney (Nobel Prize).

Isi-Reykjavik (Iceland)

Yini uReykjavik okumele abe yidolobha lezincwadi? I-Iceland izwe emhlabeni lelo ishicilela izihloko eziningi ngomuntu ngamunye futhi bafaka i-Arnaldur Indridason, enye yamanoveli obugebengu athengiswa kakhulu.

ENorwich (UK)

Yini iNorwich okufanele ibe idolobha lezincwadi? Kuyisiphephelo sokuqala sedolobha lase-UK lababhali abasongelwayo kusukela ngo-2007 futhi wayeyilungu elasungula i-International Network of Cities of Refuge (ICORN).

UJuliana waseNorwich (1342 - 1416) ungumbhali wencwadi yokuqala yesiNgisi eyabhalwa ngowesifazane.

I-Krakow (Poland)

Yini iKrakow okufanele ibe idolobha lezincwadi? Ngu-lIdolobha labaphumelele umklomelo weNobel weNobel wezincwadi, njengoWislawa Szymborska noCzesław Miłosz.

Edolobheni kukhona ezinye ze- ama-scriptoriums nemitapo yolwazi edume kakhulu emhlabeni. Kubanjwa imikhosi eyahlukene yezincwadi efana noMiłosz Festival neConrad Festival.

I-Dunedin (New Zealand)

Kwedolobha elingaziwa kwabaningi, ngabe yini iDunedin okumele ibe yidolobha lezincwadi? Sumtapo wezincwadi wawungumtapo wolwazi wokuqala nomphakathi wamahhala ezweni. UDunedin ubelikhaya lababhali nezimbongi eziningi ezihlonishwa kakhulu eNew Zealand kanye nabadwebi bezithombe nababhali bezincwadi zezingane. Kuyo kunezimpande zokhokho babantu baseKāi, kabani amasiko omlomo bebeluka izinganekwane nezindaba kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka. Futhi kuyikomkhulu le- Isikhungo Sencwadi, isikhungo esiyingqayizivele ngokomlando wezincwadi, ukuphrinta nokuphenya amapulatifomu amasha namamodeli wokushicilela.

IHeildelberg, igermany

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo UHeildelberg ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Lapha kwazalwa eyunivesithi yokuqala eJalimane, IRuperto Carola University. Bekulokhu kuyisikhungo sokufunda nezincwadi futhi isingathe ababhali abadumile njengoGoethe, Clemens Brentano, Bettina von Arnim, noFriedrich Hölderlin. Futhi kwakungumdlandla wothando lwamaJalimane lwekhulu le-XNUMX.

IGranada (eSpain)

Kusukela ngo-2014 iGranada kube idolobha elibhalwayo, iSpanish sokuqala ukuthola indondo Inakho I-Granada ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Kumlobi wodumo lwendawo yonke UFederico García Lorca wabulawa ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaFranco ngesimo sakhe sobungqingili nemibono yakhe yesokunxele. Isixuku nemicimbi yamasiko, kufaka phakathi nomkhosi waseGranada Noir ogcwala kuwo wonke amakhona wedolobha ngamasampula amasiko ahlukile, hhayi ezombhalo kuphela, aqondiswe nguJesús Lens.

I-Prague (Chekia)

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo Prague ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Ababhali abadumile bathanda UFranz Kafka, uMax Bod, uRainer Maria Rilke, noma kunjalo? UMilan kundera. Inyuvesi yakhe, iCharles University eyunivesithi endala enkabeni yeYurophu.

I-Ulyanovsk (Russia)

Waziwa ngokuba idolobha lokuzalwa kukaLenin, yini ene Ulyanovsk ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Idume ngokuba idolobha lomlobi wamanoveli u-Ivan Goncharov umdali u-Oblomov, isikhulu sasebukhosini esincane nesivila esachitha usuku lonke embhedeni. Edolobheni kwenziwa umkhosi wokubhala ("Sukuma embhedeni") ukumhlonipha. Kunezitolo ezingaphezu kuka-30, imitapo yolwazi engama-39, i-Ulyanovsk Regional Special Library, umtapo wolwazi wamahhala esikhumulweni sezindiza kanye nemitapo yolwazi yezikole engaphezu kwama-200.

I-Baghdad (Iraq)

Yize kubonakala njengokukhetha okumangazayo ekuqaleni, kwenzekani I-Bagdag ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Esidlule esinethonya elikhulu ekubhaleni esifundeni, njengeBaghdad enye yemitapo yolwazi ebaluleke kakhulu yasendulo: I-Bayt al-Hikma eyasungulwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, eyayineqoqo elikhulu kakhulu lezincwadi emhlabeni maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Indawo yokuzalwa yenye yezimbongi ezinkulu zama-Arabhu, u-Abu Al Tayeb Al Mutanabbi (ngekhulu le-XNUMX).

I-Tartu (Estonia).

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo Tartu ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Yidolobha iphayona ekuvikeleni isiko lezwe kanye ne-Estonia njengolimi. Unyaka wonke kubanjwa imikhosi eyahlukene yokubhala. Izikhungo ezimbili zikhuthaza izifundo namasiko ase-Estonia: i-University of Tartu kanye ne-Estonia Literary Museum.

I-Lviv (Ukraine)

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo Lviv ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Inqwaba yezitolo ezidayisa izincwadi nemitapo yolwazi: izitolo ezingama-45, imitapo yolwazi eyi-174 kanye neminyuziyamu engama-54 kanye nenani labantu elibambe iqhaza empilweni yamasiko edolobheni. I-En Lvis yakhe ingumshini wokunyathelisa omdala kunayo yonke (1586) osasebenza.

ILjubljana (iSlovenia).

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo Ljubljana ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Vuliwe  ILjubljana isingatha imicimbi yamasiko engaphezu kuka-10.000, ezomculo, ezeshashalazi nezobuciko ezibandakanya imikhosi engu-14 yamazwe omhlaba. Isakhamuzi ngasinye sivakashela uMtapo Wezincwadi kaMasipala ngokwesilinganiso izikhathi ezinhlanu ngonyaka. ILjubljana yaziwa ngamasiko ayo aseyunivesithi.

I-Barcelona, ​​Spain)

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo Barcelona ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Imikhosi emine yezincwadi, kufaka phakathi iBarcelona Negra kanye nomlando oqinile wokushicilela osukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kusingathwa ikomkhulu lamaqembu amakhulu okushicilela ezweni. Inikeze ababhali abaningi nabakhulu abanjengo UManuel Montalbán, u-Alicia Giménez-Barlett, umsunguli wephoyisa lesifazane lokuqala leveli yaseSpain yobugebengu, u-Eduardo Mendoza, u-Ana María Matute, uCarlos Ruiz Zafón, uMercé Rodoreda, u-Ildefonso Falcones noma uVíctor del Arbol, i-knight yezobuciko nezincwadi zaseFrance, phakathi kwabanye. Inezitolo zezincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-122 kanye nenethiwekhi ebanzi yemitapo yolwazi yomphakathi. Gubha minyaka yonke usuku luka ISant Jordi, usuku lapho kuyisiko ukunikeza izincwadi nama-roses.

I-Nottingham (UK)

Yini iNottingham okumele ibe idolobha lezincwadi? Ngaphezu kokuba yisizinda sikaRobin Hood, kubabhali abanjengoLord Byron noma uDH Lawrence. Futhi imitapo yolwazi eyi-18 nezitolo eziningi ezizimele, ngaphezu komkhosi wokubhala Umkhosi Wamagama WaseNottingham.

I-Ibidos (Portugal)

Yini i-Óbidos okufanele ibe idolobha lezincwadi? Ngaphandle kwemizila evamile yezivakashi yasePortugal, iyigugu lokubhala, enezitolo zezincwadi ezenziwe ezindaweni ezingalindelekile kakhulu: Eyokuqala kwakuyi Isonto laseSantiago, enezincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-40.000. Kususelwa kuyo, izitolo ezintsha zezincwadi zakhiwa ezindaweni ezimangazayo, njengasemakethe noma ewayinini.

I-Montevideo, Uruguay)

Yini iMontevideo okufanele ibe idolobha lezincwadi? Ababhali bathanda U-Eduardo Galeano, uMario Benedetti noma uJuan Carlos Onetti. Inokukhulu Imakethe yencwadi yangeSonto: UTristán Narvaja.

I-Milano, Italy)

Yini okufanele iMilan ibe yidolobha lezincwadi? IMilan ingesinye sezikhungo abamemezeli abakhulu, okunye okubalulekile ngokomlando. Idolobha ahlala kulo uDarío Fo, uNobel Prize.

Isi-Bucheon (South Korea)

Yini iBucheon okufanele ibe yidolobha lezincwadi? Isiko lalo lemibhalo lixhunyaniswe noByun yeongro noChong Chi-yong, izingqwele zomnyakazo obaluleke kakhulu wezinkondlo wengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-XNUMX.

I-Québec (Canada)

Yini iQuebec okumele ibe yidolobha lezincwadi? Ngokuphila okunothile kwamasiko, izincwadi zakhe ziveza i-Francophone, i-Anglophone ne-Aboriginal Heritage.

I-Literary and Historical Society of Quebec (1824) kanye neCanada Institute of Quebec (1848) badlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yezwe. Kuyidolobha lapho kuhlala khona iningi lezindlu zokushicilela zezwe.

I-Seattle (USA)

Eyaziwa kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe kunezincwadi, yini enayo Seattle ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Yize udumo lwayo lungaveli kulo, okunye okuhehayo kakhulu yizitolo zezincwadi kanye nenombolo yokushicilelwa nemisebenzi eyenziwayo yokufunda.

I-Utrecht (Holland)

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo Utrecht ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Ngo-1473 kwakhishwa incwadi yokuqala yeNyakatho yeNetherlands, ngo-1516 yavela iqoqo lokuqala lezinkondlo elibhalwe ngowesifazane kwathi ngonyaka we-1892 kwavulwa umtapo wolwazi wokuqala womphakathi, phakathi kweminye imicimbi eminingi ephawulekayo.

Iyajabula phakathi kwemicimbi yezincwadi engama-20 nengama-30 njalo ngenyanga, ehilela izingane nabantu abadala futhi inezitolo zezincwadi ezingama-56, imitapo yolwazi engama-26 futhi iyikhaya labamemezeli abangaphezu kwama-200.

IManchester, e-United Kingdom)

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo Manchester ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? IManchester inabahlanu imitapo yolwazi yomlando, ezithakazelisa hhayi imali yabo kuphela, kodwa nezakhiwo abakuzo. Igugu layo elingenakuphikwa yi Umtapo wezincwadi weJohn Rylands, kusuka ngo-1899, ngesitayela se-neo-gothic. Igugu lamawindi alo engilazi anamabala nophahla lwayo olunamabhokisi, kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngalokho elikugcina ngaphakathi: ama-papyrus aseGibhithe, izincwadi zamaCoptic noma zamaGrikhi, imibhalo yesandla yasendulo, uhlelo lweCanterbury Tales (1476), iGutenberg Bible (1455) noma incwadi enelukuluku mayelana nezinyoni eziphakeme ngamamitha zaseMelika (1830).

ITheku (South Africa)

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo Durban ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Leli dolobha linababhali abaningi, njengowokuqala owathola iNobel yase-Afrika, u-Alan Paton, noma imbongi uBessie Head. Imikhosi ebalulekile yezincwadi efana nePoetry Africa ibanjelwa lapha.

Isi-Lillehammer (Norway)

Yini engahambi kahle ngayo I-Lillehammer ukuba idolobha lezincwadi? Njengoba yayinabantu abangu-27.000 XNUMX kuphela, ngekhulu le-XNUMX, yaba isikhungo sabadwebi nabalobi, abanye babo abawina iNobel Prize for Literature abanjengoBjørnstjerne Bjørnson noSigrid Undset.

Siyafisa Konke okusemandleni kuhlelo lweSegovian ukuze iSegovia ilandele ukujoyina lolu hlu.