UWilliam Shakespeare uyadlala

Imisebenzi kaWilliam Shakespeare ingumcebo wezincwadi zomhlaba; le ndoda wayeyimbongi yaseBrithani, umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi nomlingisi wasesteji owayephila phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Kodwa-ke, umthelela wamasiko wemisebenzi yakhe wedlule iminyaka. Namuhla uthathwa njengesithonjana sezobuciko, izincwadi namasiko athandwayo aseNtshonalanga. Kukhona labo abanaye njengombhali obaluleke kakhulu kunabo bonke olimini lwesiNgisi.

Imidlalo kaShakespeare idlala ngamahlaya, amadrama omlando, nosizi. Lezi ziyingxenye yesiko lase-Elizabethan yaseshashalazini, kodwa zivelele phakathi kwabanye babhali ngekhwalithi nokubaluleka kwazo. Ubukhulu bakhe bulele ekusetshenzisweni kolimi lwenoveli, nasesimweni sokuqina, ukuqamba nobuningi babalingiswa abenzile.

UWilliam Shakespeare kanye nokusebenza kwefa lakhe

Izici ezibalulwe ngenhla zigcine iziza, imishwana nezinhlamvu zikaWilliam Shakespeare ziphila phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Ngezikhathi ezingafani imisebenzi yombhali wakhe iye yabakhuthaza abanye ababhali, abaculi bepulasitiki, abadansi, abalingisi nabenzi bamafilimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indalo yakhe ihunyushelwe ezilimini eziningi. Wabuye wabhala amanoni nezinkondlo.

Kusekhona ingxoxo namuhla ngokubhalwa kwezingcezu zakhe. Lokhu kushiwo ngokuyinhloko ngoba imvelaphi kaShakespeare engeyona eyasebukhosini ayihambisani nekhwalithi nokunotha kokubhala kwakhe. Kuyashiwo futhi ngoba kunemithombo embalwa yemibhalo esekela izehlakalo zempilo yakhe. Kodwa-ke, abagxeki abaningi bathi imisebenzi yakhe yenziwe umbhali oyedwa ogama lakhe linguWilliam Shakespeare, owayengumlingisi futhi engumnikazi wabambisene wenkampani edumile yaseLondon yaseshashalazini ebizwa ngokuthi yiLord Chamberlain's Men.

I-Biography

Ukuzalwa nomndeni

UWilliam Shakespeare wazalelwa edolobheni laseStratford-upon-Avon ngo-Ephreli 23, 1564, noma ngolunye usuku olusondele enyangeni efanayo. Kunesiqiniseko maqondana nokubhapathizwa kwakhe, okwenzeka ngo-Ephreli 26 walowo nyaka eBandleni likaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele eStratford.

Wayeyindodana yomshado eyakhiwe nguJohn Shakespeare noMary Arden, umthengisi onokubaluleka okuthile emphakathini wakubo nendlalifa yomnikazi womhlaba ongumKatolika.

Izifundo

Kukholakala ukuthi ngesikhathi esemncane wayefunda eStratford Grammar School, isikole samabanga aphansi sendawo lapho ayekwazi ukufinyelela khona ngenxa yesimo senhlalo sabazali bakhe. Uma lokhu kucabanga kuyiqiniso, lapho wafunda isiLatin nesiNgisi esithuthukile futhi wafunda izincwadi zakudala zasendulo.

Yonke imfundo yakhe kucatshangwa ukuthi iyazimela, ngokusebenzisa izincwadi ezivela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene.. Ngakho-ke, ongoti abaningi bacabanga ukuthi uWilliam Shakespeare unezimo ezikhethekile zokuqonda ngaphezu kwenani labantu. Lawa makghono bamenza wazuza udumo, kodwa futhi nezitha eziningi.

Matrimonio

Lapho eneminyaka engu-18 (ngo-1582) umbhali washada no-Anne Hathaway, indodakazi yomlimi wendawo. Kusuka enyunyana kwazalwa izingane ezintathu. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi wayenezindaba eziningi ngaphandle komshado, futhi nokuthi uShakespeare wayengungqingili. Akukho okunye okwaziwayo ngokunemba kwentsha yomlobi wemidlalo.

Ukuthuthela eLondon nokujoyina inkampani ye-Lord Chamberlain's Men

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1880 umbhali wathuthela eLondon. Ngo-1592 wayeseluthokozele udumo oluthile nokwaziwa njengomlingisi nombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi enkundleni yezemidlalo yedolobha. Ngesikhathi ehlala eLondon wabhala futhi wakhombisa iningi lemidlalo yakhe yaseshashalazini, waduma futhi wakuthanda ukuchuma kwezomnotho.

Cishe kuleyo minyaka wajoyina inkampani yakwaLord Chamberlain's Men, eyayidume kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi futhi ixhaswe ngumqhele..

Buyela eStanford nokufa

Phakathi kuka-1611 no-1613 waphinde wathuthela eStratford, lapho abhekana khona nezinkinga ezithile zomthetho ezihambisana nokuthengwa komhlaba. Ipeni lombhali alikaze liqede ukudala, uShakespeare wayehlala ebonakala edala imidlalo nezinkondlo, ukukhiqizwa kwakhe kwemibhalo kwakukuhle.

UWilliam Shakespeare ushone ngo-1616, ngosuku olufanayo nosuku lokuzalwa kwakhe lwama-52. (Lokhu kunjalo, uma izibalo maqondana nosuku lokuzalwa kwakhe zilungile).

Njengokungathi ngento emnyama kakhulu nokuzisola, indodana yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo, uHamlet, yafa isewusana, futhi amadodana amadodakazi ayo ayengenayo inzalo, ngakho azikho izizukulwane eziphilayo zomshado kaShakespeare noHathaway.

UWilliam Shakespeare uyadlala

Imidlalo yakhe yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ihlukaniswa njengamahlaya, izinhlekelele nemidlalo engokomlando.

Amahlaya

• Ihlaya lamaphutha (1591)
• Izikhulu ezimbili zaseVerona (1591-1592)
• Umsebenzi olahlekile wothando (1592)
• Ukuthanjiswa Kwemfene (1594)
• Iphupho le-nigth ehlobo (1595-1596)
• Umthengisi waseVenice (1596-1597)
• Ukudideka okuningi Mayelana Nalutho (1598)
• Ngokuthanda Nguwe (1599-1600)
• Abafazi Abajabulayo baseWindsor (1601)
• Ubusuku beNkosi (1601-1602)
• Ukuze kube nokuhle okuhle akukho siqalo esibi (1602-1603)
• Kala isilinganiso (1604)
• Pericles (1607)
• Isimbali (1610)
• Umlando Wasebusika (1610-1611)
• Isiphepho (1612)

Izinsizi

• UTitus Andronicus (1594)
• U-Romeo noJuliet (1595)
• UJulius Khesari (1599)
• Hamlet (1601)
• ITroilus neCressida (1602)
• Othello (1603-1604)
• Inkosi Lear (1605-1606)
• Macbeth (1606)
• U-Antonio noCleopatra (1606)
• UCoriolanus (1608)
• Helm yase-Athene (1608)

Amadrama omlando

• U-Edward III (1596).
• UHenry VI (1594)
• URichard III (1597).
• URichard II (1597).
• UHenry IV I-1598 - 1600
• UHenry V (1599)
• Inkosi (1598)
• UHenry VIII (1613)

UShakespeare naye wabhala izinkondlo. Kulolu hlobo lwemibhalo, izinkondlo ezinemixhantela ebanzi, ezifana nesibonelo, UVenus no-Adonis y Ukudlwengulwa kukaLucrecia, kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, yabo Amasonethi (1609).

Incazelo yeminye yemisebenzi emele kakhulu kaShakespeare

Ukuthanjiswa Kwemfene

Kuyinto yamahlaya ezenzweni ezinhlanu ezandulelwe isandulela, lapho kuthiwa khona imicimbi ezokwakhiwa yakha ingxenye yaseshashalazini ukuthi uzovela ngaphambi komgudu wokudakwa, lapho umuntu ohloniphekile efisa ukudlala ihlaya kuye. Lesi sethulo (i-meta-theatre) sigcizelela kumbukeli isimo sendaba eqanjiwe.

Impikiswano emaphakathi yayijwayelekile ezincwadini nasenkambisweni yomlomo yangaleso sikhathi, nakumahlaya ase-Italiya: owesifazane othukuthele futhi ohlubukayo umyeni wakhe azama ukumthambisa. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwakheka kwabalingiswa kukwehlukanisa kakhulu nemisebenzi yangaphambilini, lokhu-ke, ngenxa yenhle yepeni lomdali wayo. Namuhla ingenye yezingcezu ezithandwa kakhulu nguShakespeare.

I-protagonist yayo nguCatalina Minola, indodakazi eyedwa yowesifazane ohloniphekile wasePadua. UCatalina udelela abakhongi bakhe futhi udelela nomshado. Icala elihlukile ngudadewabo omncane, uBlanca, oyintombi emnandi nephuphayo enabaqobi abaningi. Ubaba wabo ufuna ukushada noCatalina kuqala ukuze ahloniphe amasiko, aphule izinhliziyo zabafuna uBlanca.

Ukufika kukaPetruchio kuleli dolobha, ozobhekela uCatherine, kuveza uchungechunge lwezimo nokudideka kobunikazi. Ekugcineni, le ndoda ikwazi ukulawula isimilo sikaCatalina nesibindi futhi imshade. Lo msebenzi ube ugqozi lwamanoveli amaningi namahlaya othando emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.

Ucezu

"Guild: Angazi. Ngingathanda ukwamukela ilobolo lakhe ngalo mbandela: ukushaywa njalo ekuseni emakethe.

"Hortensio: Yebo, njengoba usho, kuncane okumele kukhethwe phakathi kwama-apula amabi. Kepha bheka: njengoba lesi sithiyo esisemthethweni sisenza abangani, ake sibe abangani kuze kuthi, ngemuva kokusiza indodakazi endala kaBattista ukuba ithole umyeni, sishiya omncane ukuthola indoda, bese siphinde silwe futhi. Wamnandi uBianca! Uyajabula noma ngubani okuwinayo. Noma ngubani ogijima kakhulu uthola indandatho. Ingabe uyavuma, obalulekile Inhlangano?

"Guild: Kulungile, yebo. Ngizonikeza ihhashi lami elihle kakhulu kunoma ngubani, ePadua, oqala ukukhanga amadala, amncenge kuze kube sekugcineni, amhlwithe, amlalise embhedeni futhi akhulule ikhaya lakhe. Hamba!

(UGremio noHortensio bayaphuma. UTranio noLucenzio bahlala).

"UTranio:
Ngiyakuncenga, mnumzane, ungitshele uma kungenzeka
lolo thando ngokuzumayo lunamandla amakhulu.

"Lucenzio:
Ah, Tranio, ngize ngibone ukuthi kuyiqiniso,
Angikaze ngikholwe ukuthi kungenzeka noma kungenzeka.
Lalela, ngenkathi mina, ngokungavumi, ngimbuka
Ngiyizwile imiphumela yothando ebudlakeni bami.
Futhi manje ngiyavuma ngokusobala kuwe
kuwe, osondelene kakhulu futhi othandekayo,
njengoba u-Anne ayeyindlovukazi yaseCarthage,
ukuthi ngiyasha, ngiyazidla futhi ngifa ukunqoba,
U-Tranio omuhle, uthando lwale ntombazane enesizotha.
Ngeluleke, Tranio; Ngiyazi ukuthi uyakwazi;
ngisize, Tranio; Ngiyazi uzoyenza ".

Macbeth

Ngenye yezinhlekelele ezaziwa kakhulu futhi ezimnyama kakhulu zombhali wemidlalo yamaNgisi. Iqukethe izenzo ezinhlanu, kweyokuqala okwethulwa kuyo uMacbeth noBanquo, ojenene ababili baseScotland okuvela kubo abathakathi abathathu beprofetha ukuthi omunye wabo uzoba yinkosi nobaba wamakhosi, ngokulandelana. Ngemuva kwalo mhlangano uMacbeth uqala ukudliwa yisifiso sokuvelela futhi afeze isiphetho sakhe, abulale inkosi, umngani wakhe uBanquo nabanye abaningi esendleleni eya esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Ukufisa ngamandla, ukukhaphela, ukuhlanya nokufa kuyizindikimba eziyinhloko zomsebenzi. Ekugcineni uMacbeth ushona ebulewe, lokhu ngemuva kokunikeza umuntu oyedwa odumile ngombhedo wokuphila. Ngakho-ke zonke iziphrofetho ziyagcwaliseka, njengoba kwenzeka izinhlekelele zamaGrikhi.

Kulesi siqephu amathonya kaSophocles no-Aeschylus emsebenzini kaShakespeare abonakala kakhulu. Lokhu akujwayelekile, umbhali ubefunda njalo futhi ethanda izincwadi zesiGreki, zobuhlakani bazo obukhulu.

Ucezu

"Isimo sokuqala
(Indawo enesizungu, ukuduma kwezulu nombani kuyezwakala. Futhi kufika abathakathi abathathu).

"Umthakathi wokuqala:
Sizobuye sihlangane nini sobathathu? Noma isiphi isikhathi lapho ukuduma nombani kushaya, noma lapho lina?

Umthakathi wesibili:
Ngemuva kokuphela kwedin, lapho impi ilahlekile futhi yanqotshwa.

"Umthakathi Wesithathu:
Lokho kuzokwenzeka ilanga lingakashoni.

"Umthakathi wokuqala:
Futhi sizohlangana kuphi?

Umthakathi wesibili:
Phakathi kwezihlahla.

"Umthakathi wesithathu
Lapho sizohlangana noMacbeth.

"Okokuqala mthakathi
Ngiyahamba, ngiyisidlakela!

"Konke:
Leyo scarecrow isibiza… ngokushesha! Ubuhle buyesabeka futhi buhle kabi: ake sihambe ngenkungu nomoya owonakele.

(Bayahamba)".

Amasonethi

UShakespeare wabhala amanethi amaningi ngendlela yesiNgisi eminyakeni eminingana. Ekugcineni zanyatheliswa, zashiywa ngandlela thile, ngo-1609. Ezinguqulweni zakamuva kwaqoqwa inguqulo ecacile enezinkondlo eziyi-154.

Amanothi okuqala ayi-126 abhekiswe ensizweni engaziwa ukuthi ingubani, amanye abhekiswe entombazaneni enezinwele ezimnyama, kanti amanye ayiswa embongi “eyimbangi”. Ukuhlanganiswa kunikezelwe "Mnu. WH ”, umnumzane ongakaziwa okwamanje, yize kunemibono eminingi. Abalingiswa abaculelwa yizwi lomculo, kanye nokungaqiniseki kokuzinikezela, banezela kwimfihlakalo nempikiswano ezungeze amanethi nempilo kaShakespeare ngokujwayelekile.

Izihloko okukhulunywa ngazo ezothando, ukuqwashiswa ngokufa, ukuthanda umndeni nobuhle. Kodwa-ke, ikwenza ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kulabo ababengaphambi kwayo nabaphila ngesikhathi sayo. Kulezi zinkondlo uShakespeare udlala ngezinhlobo zabalingiswa bakhe, enikezela okumnandi nokujabulisa kakhulu kunensizwa esikhundleni sentokazi, enza izifiso ezicacile nezisho ngocansi. Futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuguqula ukwakheka kwendabuko kwe-sonnet yesiNgisi.

Lawa masonethi ahunyushelwe cishe kuzo zonke izilimi futhi abhalwa kabusha kaningi.

I-Sonnet 1

"Sifuna zisabalale, izidalwa ezinhle kakhulu,

izinhlobo zayo, ngoba i-rose ayisoze yafa

futhi lapho usuvuthiwe, ubola ngesikhathi

yenza inkumbulo yakho ibe yindlalifa yakho encane.

Kepha wena, ozinikele ngamehlo akho akhanyayo,

uphakamisa ilangabi, ukukhanya kwakho ne-essence yakho,

kudala indlala, lapho kunensada khona.

Wena, isitha sakho, unonya emphefumulweni wakho.

Wena, oyiphunga, umhlobiso walomhlaba,

ifulegi kuphela elimemezela iziphethu,

Kusikhokho sakho, uyingcwaba injabulo yakho

futhi uyakwenza, uyancinza okumnandi, u-splurge ngokuhaha.

Yiba nomusa emhlabeni, noma phakathi kwakho nethuna,

uzoshwabadela okuhle okukhokhwa yilo mhlaba ”.