UPedro Salinas

UPedro Salinas uthathwa njengomunye wababhali abahamba phambili bekhulu lama-XNUMX, kanye nommeleli omkhulu weprozi likaCastilian. Umsebenzi Wakhe uthathwa njengokuqondakalayo futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ucashile. Umbhali wayeyindoda yezincwadi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuzo zonke izici.

Naye ngokwakhe wathi ngaye nangomsebenzi wakhe: “Ngiyakwazisa kakhulu ezinkondlweni, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubuqiniso. Bese ubuhle. Bese ubuhlakani. Iningi lemibhalo kulokhu imbongi edumile yaseSpain bazinikele kwezothando, ngokombono ojwayelekile nangokubenyezela kwe-avant-garde.

Iphrofayili yomlando

Ukuzalwa nobuntwana

UPedro Salinas Serrano wazalelwa eMadrid, eSpain, ngoNovemba 27, 1891. Izithelo zomshado phakathi kukaSoledad Serrano Fernández noPedro Salinas Elmos. Lo wesilisa wasebenza njengomthengisi waze wafa ngo-1897. Ngaleso sikhathi, umbhali wakusasa wayeneminyaka eyisithupha kuphela.

Kusukela ekufeni kukayise, Izikhungo ezifana neHispano-Francés School kanye neSan Isidro Institute eMadrid zakha izisekelo eziyinhloko zokuqeqeshwa kwabafundi eSalinas ukudlulela ezweni leyunivesithi. Kamuva, uPedro wabhalisa e-University of Madrid, lapho aqala khona ukufundela ezomthetho.

Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, washiya imithetho ukuze angene othandweni lwefilosofi nezincwadi. Lo msebenzi wamholela kamuva, ngo-1917, ukuthola iziqu zobudokotela. Uphumelele ngomqondo emifanekisweni ye- UDon Quijote waseLa Mancha, nguMiguel de Cervantes lapho sinolwazi.

Imbongi yothando

Waziwa ngabaningi ngokuthi "Imbongi yothando", lo mbhali odumile waqinisa umsebenzi wakhe kanye nemisebenzi yezincwadi ngokujula nobuqili balowo muzwa omkhulu awagcina. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uthando uPedro aluchaza ezincwadini zakhe aluhlali lujabule futhi luphelele njalo.

USalinas uthole indlela yokufaka ukuthi uthando olungathandeki nolubuhlungu lungaba kanjani, kodwa ngendlela ebukhali. Ngendlela efanayo, wahlanganisa ukucabanga kwakhe maqondana nokwehlukana nokuzizwa elahlekile.

Impilo yakhe, indaba yothando

Ngo-1915, e-Algeria, washada noMargarita Bonmatí. USalinas wayeneminyaka engama-24 kuphela ngaleso sikhathi. Babehlala ikakhulukazi eParis. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-1917, bahlala eSpain. Babenabantwana ababili: uSoledad noJaime Salinas. Umshado uhlale uqinile futhi ujabulile kwaze kwaba sehlobo lika-1932.

Ngokudalwa kweSantander Summer University, lapho ayebandakanyeka khona, UPedro Salinas wagxila kumfundi waseMelika ogama lakhe linguKatherine R. UWhitmore. Ngokuhlanya othandweni naye nasenkazimulweni yakhe, uphefumulele inkondlo ethi: Izwi elifanele wena (1933), Isizathu sothando (1938) futhi Ukuzisola isikhathi eside (1939).

Ukuthandana kwalondolozwa ngisho nalapho uKatherine ebuyela ezweni lakubo. Kepha, esikhathini semfundo ka-1934-1935, uMargarita - unkosikazi kaPedro - wathola ngobudlelwano obuyimfihlo futhi wazama ukuzibulala. Ngenxa yalokhu, uKatherine wakhuthaza ukuqhekeka okuphelele kwengxabano yakhe noSalinas.

Ukuphela okumangazayo

Impi Yombango yaseSpain yayiyisizathu esaphetha ngokuhlukanisa bobabili abathandi. Ngemuva kokugumbuqelwa kombuso, uSalinas waya eFrance futhi kamuva waya ekudingisweni e-United States. Ngo-1939, uKatherine washada noBrewer Whitmore futhi wamukela isibongo sakhe. Kodwa-ke, ushone ngemuva kweminyaka emine engozini yemoto.

Ngokusobala, ubudlelwano phakathi kukaKatherine noPedro ngezikhathi ezithile babuhlala, kepha ekugcineni baphela. Umhlangano wabo wokugcina wawungo-1951. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngoDisemba 4, imbongi yashona eBoston, eMassachusetts. Isidumbu sakhe sangcwatshwa enhlokodolobha yasePuerto Rico, eSan Juan.

Kamuva, ngo-1982, uKatherine naye wadlula emhlabeni. Kepha, hhayi ngaphandle kokugunyaza kuqala ukuthi Izincwadi phakathi kwakhe noSalinas kwashicilelwa. Inqobo nje uma isifiso sakhe sokugcina sigcwalisekile: ukuthi kwakuyiminyaka engamashumi amabili ngemuva kokufa kwakhe nokuthi izincwadi zakhe zashiywa.

Isizukulwane sama-27

Akungabazeki, UPedro Salinas uthathwa njengomunye wezimbongi ezinkulu zekhulu lama-27 kanye nommeleli walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiGeneration of XNUMX. Le nhlangano yaziwa ngokwesiko ngalowo nyaka futhi yavela njengendawo yeNoucentisme. Umbhali ubehambisana nababhali besimo sika URafael Alberti, UFederico García Lorca noDámaso Alonso.

Ngokungafani nemisinga edlule, iGeneration of '27 isebenzise izinhlobo ezahlukene zemibhalo. Phakathi kwalokhu, okulandelayo kugqama: i-neopopularism, i-philology yamaSpanishi - indawo evelele yaseSalinas - izinkondlo ze-surrealist kanye ne-homoeroticism.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yakhe

Njengomuntu ophakeme wobuntu nesazi, imisebenzi eyaziwa kakhulu kaPedro Salinas Serrano yimisebenzi yakhe emangalisayo njengembongi nombhali wezindaba. Kodwa-ke, umuntu angehluleka ukusho eminye imisebenzi yakhe. Njengesibonelo sombhali weprozi, uhlobo okuvela kulo iziqu zakhe ezintathu ezinhle kakhulu.

USalinas ubuye wasebenza njengombhali wemidlalo phakathi kuka-1936 no-1947, edala isiyonke semidlalo eyishumi nane. Futhi wayengumhumushi wombhali wamanoveli waseFrance Ukuziqhenya, okwazile ukwenza amanoveli akhe emhlabeni okhuluma iSpanishi ngaye.

Isitayela sobuntu

Le nkondlo-i-troubadour ichaze izinkondlo ngokuthi: «I-adventure ebheke ngokuphelele. Usondela ngokwengeziwe noma kancane, uya ngendlela eningi noma encane: yilokho kuphela ». Kuyena, izinkondlo zazingezokuqala, ubuqiniso, zilandelwa ubuhle nobuqili, ukukhetha amavesi amafushane anqena ukuvumelanisa nemvumelwano njengenketho engcono ezincwadini zakhe.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abagxeki kanye nozakwethu abavela endaweni yokubhala bachaze umsebenzi kaSalinas njengomzamo wokuvikela izimiso zesiko laseYurophu ngaphambi kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba. Uthando lwakhe nokuziphatha kwakhe kwamholela ekubeni abuze futhi abhale ngohlangothi olubi lwezinto.

KuLeo Spitzer, ingcweti yokuloba yase-Austrian kanye nochwepheshe wezilimi zaseRomance, Izinkondlo zikaSalinas zazihlale zinezici ezifanayo: umqondo wayo. Wonke umsebenzi wakhe unokuthile ngaye. Indlela umbhali akuchaza ngayo kungokuphikisana nobugagu.

Izigaba ezintathu zezinkondlo

Ukuqala kwakhe emhlabeni wezincwadi kuqala ngokulandelana ngonyaka we-1911 ngezinkondlo zakhe zokuqala ezibizwa nge- "creepy." Lezi zashicilelwa nguRamón Gómez de la Serna kumagazini wakhe I-Prometeo. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlanganiswa kwakhe njengombongi oziphendulele futhi ngesiko lothando kwaziwa kusuka ezigabeni ezintathu zezinkondlo.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okukhulu kuyabonakala esigabeni ngasinye. Lokhu kwakungekhona kuphela ngenxa okuqukethwe imisebenzi, kodwa futhi sengqondo imbongi uqobo. Amagama akhe ahlala ethonywe yilokho abhekana nakho empilweni. Ngokwengeziwe, uSalinas wayejwayele ukuthola ugqozi ekukhuleni kwakhe siqu.

Isigaba sesibili sigqame ngokukhethekile. Iziqu ezazikhiqizwa ngaleso sikhathi, ngaphezu kokucebisa wonke umsebenzi wakhe, zazidume kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.

Isigaba sokuqala

Isigaba sokuqala siqala ngo-1923 kuya ku-1932. USalinas, ngaleso sikhathi, wayeyinsizwa eyayisanda kuqala ukwamukela isitayela esihle lapho indikimba yothando yayiyi-protagonist. Indlela phakathi nalesi sikhathi ikhanyiswe izinkondlo zikaRubén Darío - umbhali waseNicaragua - nababhali bemvelaphi yaseSpain: UJuan Ramón Jiménez noMiguel Unamuno.

Amabika (1923), Umshuwalense ongahleliwe (1929) futhi Inganekwane bese usayina (1931) babengumkhiqizo walesi sigaba. Inhloso yombhali kwakuwukwenza izinkondlo zakhe ziphelele ngangokunokwenzeka. Lo mjikelezo wawuluhlobo lokulungiselela isigaba sakhe sesibili esaziwa ngokuthi: ukugcwala.

Isigaba sesibili

Ngalesi sigaba, esisuka ku-1933 kuya ku-1939, imbongi uSalinas ithatha ithuba elihle futhi elimangazayo ngokubhala i-trilogy yothando. Izwi elifanele wena (1933) kwaba ngesokuqala seziqu. Lo msebenzi ulandisa ngokuphelele, kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni nangendlela enemininingwane, ukuthandana okujulile.

Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela Isizathu sothando (1936). Kuyo, uSalinas uthatha uthando ngombono wakhe obuhlungu kakhulu. Gcizelela ukuthi kungaba nzima kangakanani ukwahlukana nokuhlupheka okusala ngemuva kokwehlukana. Imisho efana nokuthi: "Uzoba, thando, ukuvalelisa isikhathi eside okungapheli" ayingqophamlando kule ncwadi.

Njengokuvalwa, kubonakala Ukuzisola isikhathi eside (1939) - kukhunjulwa uGustavo Adolfo Bécquer—. Lo msebenzi uphinde ulandele inkambo efanayo yokuphumelela echazwe kwezinye izincwadi. Isiteji sibizwa ngokuthi ukugcwala ngoba kuqondana nesikhathi sakhe sothando noKatherine Withmore.

Isigaba sesithathu

Kusukela kulesi sikhathi, phakathi kuka-1940 no-1951, uSalinas wenza izinkondlo eziphefumulelwe ulwandle lwesiqhingi sasePuerto Rican. Injalo-ke le ndaba: Okucatshangelwe (1946). Umsebenzi uyavela Konke kucacile nezinye izinkondlo (1949) —isihloko esigcizelela amandla okudala ngegama.

Enye inkondlo emele lesi sigaba ngu "Confianza" (1955). Kulokhu, umbhali uyaziqhenya ngesiqiniseko esijabulisayo nesinamandla seqiniso eliphilayo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwakuyisihloko esashicilelwa ngo-1955, ngemuva kokufa kwakhe.

Gcwalisa uhlu lwezincwadi zakhe

Izinkondlo

• Umshuwalense ongahleliwe. (I-Western Magazine, 1929)
• Inganekwane bese usayina. (IPlutarch, 1931).
• Izwi elifanele wena. (Isibonakaliso, 1933).
• Isizathu sothando. (Ama-Editions eSihlahla, 1936).
• Ukubalwa okungalungile. (Imp. Miguel N, 1938).
• Ukuzisola isikhathi eside. (I-Editorial Alliance, 1939).
• Izinkondlo ndawonye. (ELosada, 1942).
• Okucatshangelwe. (INueva Floresta, 1946).
• Konke kucacile nezinye izinkondlo (Sudamericana, 1949).
• Ukwethemba (Aguilar, 1955).

Ukulandisa

• Uhlobo lwesimanje lweCantar de Mio Cid. (I-Western Magazine, 1926).
• Eva wenjabulo. (I-Western Magazine, 1926).
• Ibhomu elimangalisayo. (ENingizimu Melika, ngo-1950).
• Izinganekwane ezingenacala nezingenacala (Tezontle, 1951).
• Ukulandisa okugcwele. (INhlonhlo, 1998).

Isivivinyo

• Izincwadi zaseSpain. Ikhulu lamashumi amabili. (1940).
• UJorge Manrique noma isiko nokuvela. (1947).
• Izinkondlo zikaRubén Darío (1948).
• Isibopho somlobi. (Seix Barral, 1961).
• Ama-eseyi aphelele. Uhlelo: USalinas de Marichal. (ITaurus, 1983).
• Umvikeli (i-Alianza Editorial, 2002).

Izincwadi

• Izincwadi zothando eziya kuMargarita (1912-1915). I-Editorial Alliance, ngo-1986
• Izincwadi kuKatherine Whitmore. Izimpawu, 2002.
• USalinas, uPedro. (1988 a). Izincwadi eziya kuJorge Guillén. UChristopher Maurer, ed. IGarcía Lorca Foundation Newsletter, n. 3, k. 34-37.
• Izincwadi eziyisishiyagalombili ezingashicilelwe kuFederico García Lorca. UChristopher Maurer (ed.) García Lorca Foundation Bulletin, n. 3, (1988); k. 11-21.
• Izincwadi ezivela kuPedro Salinas ziya eGuillermo de Torre. I-Renaissance, n. 4, (1990) ikhasi. 3- 9.
• Izinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili ezivela kuPedro Salinas. U-Enric Bou (ed.) Western Magazine, n. 126, Novemba. (1991); k. 25- 43.
• Izincwadi zikaSalinas / Jorge Guillén (1923-1951). Uhlelo, isingeniso kanye namanothi ka-Andrés Soria Olmedo. IBarcelona: Izimpawu (1992).