UFyodor Dostoevsky ungomunye wababhali ababaluleke kakhulu bekhulu le-XNUMX.. Uthathwa njengombhali wendawo yonke ngenxa yobukhulu bomsebenzi wakhe, njengoba naphezu kokuba umbhali wababhali baseRussia, umsebenzi wakhe usufinyelele emasikweni, emicabangweni nasezincwadini zaseNtshonalanga. Kanye naye, kukhona ababhali abakhulu baseRussia bekhulu le-1828: Leo Tolstoy (1910-1860), u-Anton Chekhov (1904-1799) noma u-Aleksandr Pushkin (1837-XNUMX). Bonke, nakuba babebuye bathuthukise ezinye izinhlobo, babengabaxoxi bezindaba abakhulu.
Kanye noDostoevsky, bakwazi ukuvula umcabango wabafundi abanezinhlamvu ezibonakala zicishe zenziwe ngenyama negazi. U-Dostoevsky waguqula izincwadi zekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ngamanoveli akhe amakhulu ahlanganiswe ngokoqobo, inhlangano eyathatha ingxenye yesibili yalelo khulu leminyaka emazweni aseYurophu. Umcabango wakhe nomsebenzi wakhe kwakuhlobene kakhulu nezikhathi ayephila ngazo phakathi nombuso omkhulu waseRussia owawuzophela kancane kancane.
I-Tsarist Russia: umongo
Ubukhosi bamaRomanov baqhubeka ngekhulu le-XNUMX. owangena esihlalweni sobukhosi ngekhulu le-XVII. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kukaDostoevsky, ama-tsars amabili amakhulu ayebusa umbuso: uNicholas I (ukubusa: 1825-1855) no-Alexander II (ukubusa: 1855-1881).
Nicholas kwadingeka ngilwe nalabo ababemsola ngokuba nenkululeko enkulu kanye nokuzibophezela ngokuthatha ukulawula okuqinile phezu kwesibalo sabantu ngezinyathelo eziqinile (ikakhulukazi ezemfundo enokushushiswa enyuvesi nakumaphephandaba).
Indodana yakho, U-Alexander II, wabhekana nokuphela kweMpi YaseCrimea, impi eyaqala phakathi nokubusa kukayise futhi yaphetha ngokunqotshwa kweRussia emazweni ahlukahlukene aseYurophu. Nakuba akhuthaza izinguquko ezehlukene ngesikhathi sakhe, lokhu kwaphetha ngokubulawa kwakhe., okwenziwa ukunyakaza kwesobunxele ngemuva kwemizamo eminingana.
Ngakho-ke, njengakwamanye amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, isimo sezulu saseRussia phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX sasilungele ukubhekana nezingxabano. Naphezu kokumakwa komlingiswa we-absolutist wobukhosi baseRussia, u-Alexander II wasekela izinguquko ezihlukahlukene futhi wazama ukukhuthaza olunye uhlobo lokubusa olukhululekile, kodwa kwakungeke kwanele. Inguquko ka-1917 ithola umsuka wayo kuleli khulu leminyaka.
Umphakathi nawo wawukhathele kakhulu imodeli owawuhlala kuyo ngokwesiko. Iningi labantu baseRussia ngekhulu le-XNUMX babengabalimi futhi ngokubusa kuka-Alexander II serfdom kwaphela., abantu basemaphandleni ababengase baqale ukuba nesithunzi futhi bangaphathwa njengezinto ezilula ngabanini bomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, umphakathi wezindlu wawusuphelelwe yisikhathi futhi lesi simo sezulu sasizoba yisandulela ekupheleni kwe-tsarism.
Fyodor Dostoevsky: Biography
UFyodor Dostoevsky wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-1821.. Uyise, udokotela kanye nomnikazi womhlaba, wayengundlovukayiphikiswa futhi enegunya kuye kanye nomama wakhe ngesikhathi sobuntwana. Lapho eshona ngokushesha, uFyodor washiywa phambi kukayise onobudlova owamthumela ngokushesha ukuba ayofunda eSikoleni Sonjiniyela Bezempi eSt. Petersburg, lapho ayezophothula khona njengesikhulu.
Ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye neMpi Yezempi ayizange imthene amandla ekuqaliseni indlela yakhe yokubhala, futhi ngemva kokuhunyushwa kweBalzac waqhubeka nokubhala. Noma kunjalo, ngemva kokuphumelela kwenoveli yakhe yokuqala ngo-1846 (Abantu abampofu) uthole ukubuyekezwa okuxube kakhulu emisebenzini yakhe elandelayo ngakho wayeka ukubhala iminyaka embalwa eyalandela. Okufanele kwengezwe kukho izinkinga zakhe zokugembula notshwala obuzombangela izikweletu eziqhubekayo ukuphila kwakhe konke.
Ngaleso sikhathi Dostoevsky wagxambukela emaqenjini okuthambekela kwenkululeko nokuhlakanipha okwakusho isigwebo sentambo (khumbula ukushushiswa kwalawa maqembu ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaNicholas I). Kodwa isigwebo sentambo sashintshwa saba umsebenzi ophoqelelwe emazweni abandayo aseSiberia. Nokho, ngemva kokuhlomula ngoshwele, waphoqeleka ukuba abe yisisebenzi sangasese. Ngesikhathi eseSiberia wahlangana nomkakhe wokuqala amshada ngo-1857, nakuba ayezoshona eminyakeni eminingi kamuva.
Ngemva kokuqeda isigwebo sakhe wabuyela ezincwadini Izinkumbulo zendlu yabangasekho (1862). Kusukela lapha kuqhubeke akukho engingakwenza ngaphandle kokubhala nokudlala. Waphila iminyaka yakhe engcono kakhulu njengombhali, kodwa ukuba umlutha wokugembula kwakuzomholela ekuphileni kosizi, ukuthola ukudlala amalungelo omsebenzi wakhe.
Maqondana nokuluthwa kwakhe ukugembula, wabhala omunye wemisebenzi yakhe engcono kakhulu, Umdlali (1866). Futhi ngemva kohambo oludabula eYurophu wabuyela eRussia futhi eSt. Petersburg wabhala ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu, Ubugebengu nokujeziswa (1866).
UDostoevsky washada futhi ngo-1867 nomthwebuli owamsiza ekulobeni imibhalo yakhe. Wayedinga ukufika ngesikhathi lapho ediliva khona ukuze angalahlekelwa ubuhlakani bakhe emsebenzini wakhe. Ubenezingane ezine naye futhi Washona ngo-1881 eSaint Petersburg ngenxa yokopha kwamaphaphu ehlobene nesifo sokuwa ayenaso kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.
Fyodor Dostoevsky: umsebenzi
Wagqugquzelwa umcabango nomsebenzi kaVoltaire, uKant, uHegel, uBakunin, uPushkin, uNikolai Gogol, uShakespeare noCervantes, uVictor Hugo noDickens, uma sibala abambalwa. Ifilosofi yayihlala njalo ekuphileni kwakhe, nakuba uDostoevsky engaziboni njengesazi sefilosofi. Kodwa mhlawumbe intshisekelo yalo mkhakha ingamsiza ukuthi athuthukise abalingiswa abajule kakhulu abakwazi ukuphila kumanoveli akhe. Kakhulu ukuthi I-psychology yabalingiswa bakhe iye yahlotshaniswa nemfundiso yengqondo eyachazwa kamuva nguSigmund Freud. Singakhohlwa ukuthi u-Dostoevsky wathwala isisindo sikababa ononya nononya.
Ngokuqondile, nakuba u-Dostoevsky wayehlale ethambekele ekulinganeni kwezenhlalo, mhlawumbe iqiniso lokuthi uyise wabulawa isixuku sabalimi laba nomthelela emfundisweni yakhe yobuKristu yobu-Orthodox, ephikisana ne-socialism yangaleso sikhathi. Ngokunjalo, umbhali waseRussia ubephikisana yena mathupha nasemsebenzini wakhe phakathi kwe-Russian Orthodoxy kanye nezinguquko ezintsha ezaziza eNtshonalanga Yurophu.. Lobu bubili butholakala emcabangweni wakhe nasemsebenzini wakhe.
Dostoevsky kanye noveli Russian
UDostoevsky wabhala indaba emfushane, nakuba ngamanoveli akhe amphakamisile. Eziningi zazo zanyatheliswa ama-fascicles ezincwadini ezehlukene ukuthi yena ngokwakhe wayezobe ephethe ukuhlela.
Ngokuqala kwekhulu le-XNUMX kwaba khona iqiniso. Lesi kwakuyiNkathi Yegolide yezincwadi zesiRashiya, isikhathi esihle kakhulu senoveli nezindaba ezimnandi. Izindaba ezinde kakhulu, ezigcwele izincazelo kanye nabalingisi abanobuntu obuyinkimbinkimbi. UDostoevsky wayeyingcweti ekubhaleni lezi zinhlobo zezindaba. Wayazi indlela yokweluka umongo womlando nabalingiswa bakhe kanye nezingxabano ezazibahlupha.
Wakha imidwebo engokoqobo yengcebo enkulu eyahlukana ne-Romanticism. Imibhalo yakhe ngaphakathi kobuqiniso isokwe enovelini yemibono. Lawa amanoveli axoxa indaba futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, enza izinkumbulo ezijulile ngezindikimba ezinkulu zabantu, anabalingiswa abadwetshwe ngokujulile.
Imisebenzi esemqoka
- Abantu abampofu (1846). Inoveli yakhe yokuqala, umsebenzi we-epistolary.
- Izinkumbulo zendlu yabangasekho (1862). Inoveli lapho kutholakala khona izinkumbulo zesikhathi sakhe njengesiboshwa eSiberia.
- Izinkumbulo ezingaphansi komhlaba (1864). Ngokuyinhloko i-monologue yangaphakathi yomlingiswa ngaphandle kwawo wonke umuntu. Ukukhulelwa kwayo kwafika ngesikhathi sobuthakathaka obukhulu kuDostoevsky ngemva kokushona komkakhe wokuqala nomfowabo.
- Ubugebengu nokujeziswa (1866). Umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu futhi onethonya kakhulu. Umlingiswa oyinhloko, u-Raskólnikov, ungumfundi ophila ngokuhlupheka futhi onquma ukubulala ushaka omdala wemalimboleko. Izindikimba eziwumgogodla walo msebenzi ziphathelene necala, ukufuna ukwethembeka nokulunga kokuziphatha futhi, ekugcineni, ukuthethelela nobubele.
- Umdlali (1866). Inoveli eboshelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kombhali nokulutheka kwakhe kokugembula.
- Isilima (1868). Yindaba ka-a umkhovu ozinkinga zabo zokuziphatha zifana nalezo ezibhekene nomlingiswa oyinhloko we Ubugebengu nokujeziswa.
- Abakhwelwe ngamademoni (1872). Inoveli eqoqa ukucabanga kwezepolitiki.
- Idayari yombhali (1873-1881) Kwakuyincwadi efundisayo lapho u-Dostoevsky athuthukisa khona umcabango, ukuzindla okungokomoya nokugxeka kwezombangazwe, konke ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesikhathi sakhe.
- Abazalwane bakaKaramazov (1880). Umsebenzi ayezizwa eziqhenya kakhulu ngawo futhi mhlawumbe ecabanga kakhulu. Inoveli yemibono ekhuluma ngokungqubuzana kwabazali nezingane, into eyayihlale imxakile. Futhi kuyisithombe esiphelele somphakathi waseRussia wekhulu le-XNUMX.
Sikumema ukuthi uthole noma uphinde uthole lobu buhlakani bezincwadi zomhlaba wonke ngokuvalelisa ngesicaphuna esivela kuye: "Imfihlo yokuba khona komuntu akukhona nje ukuphila, kodwa futhi ukwazi ukuthi umuntu uphilelani".