Ngubani uNoam Chomsky?

UNoam Abraham Chomsky Wazalelwa ePhiladelphia (e-USA) ngo-1928, ikakhulukazi ngoDisemba 7. Ungulimi (sibonga ubaba wakhe, ngoba nguyena owayeqondisa izinyathelo zakhe ekutadisheni i-linguistics) futhi isazi sefilosofi.

Imfundo ayithola ekhaya (wakhulela endaweni yamaJuda, wafunda isiHeberu futhi walalela njalo, kanye nomfowabo uDavid Eli Chomsky, ukuphikisana ngakho ezombusazwe zionism, njengoba umndeni wakhe wawuzibandakanye kakhulu neZionism yangakwesobunxele), waqondisa izifundo zakhe kanye nezinkinga zakhe emhlabeni womcabango.

Ngifunda ku IYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, lapho athonywa khona nguZellig Harris. Iqedile i- Ubudokotela ngo-1951Ngemuva kwalokhu wachitha iminyaka emine eHarvard futhi ekugcineni, ngo-1955 wathuthela eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania, lapho yena ngokwakhe afundela khona ukuqala umsebenzi onzima futhi omude. efundisa eMassachusetts Institute of Technology.

Izilimi zakho nefilosofi yakho, ziqukethe ini?

Ungomunye wabasunguli abakhulu be- uhlelo lolimi oluguqulayo.

Luyini uhlelo lolimi lokuguqula izinto?

Ngemuva kwaleli gama elide futhi eliyinkimbinkimbi uhlelo lwe ukuhlaziywa kwezilimi okuncintisana nolimi lwendabuko uku okuhlobene nefilosofi, i-logic, ne-psycho-linguistics.

Ngo-1957 washicilela incwadi yakhe "Izakhiwo zokwenziwa", incwadi ebithathwa njengenguquko ekufundisweni kwezilimi. Kuyo, uChomsky uphakamisa ukuthi konke ukukhuluma komuntu kunezakhiwo ezimbili:

• Una isakhiwo ebusweni, okuyindlela yokuhlanganisa amagama phezulu.
• Futhi eyodwa isakhiwo esijulile okugxile ngaphezu kwakho konke emithethweni nasemisebenzini yendawo yonke. Kulesi sakhiwo kuphikiswana ngokuthi izindlela zokuthola ulimi ziyimvelo kubo bonke abantu futhi zenziwa zisebenze ngokushesha lapho ingane iqala ukufunda izisekelo zolimi. Okungukuthi, a uchungechunge lwezakhiwo zohlelo lolimi okungaba yinto ejwayelekile kuso sonke isintu.

Isishoshovu esikhulu sezepolitiki

Es umgxeki omkhulu wobungxiwankulu, ikakhulukazi ngenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-United States. Kwakungo-1967 lapho aqala khona ukungena ezenzweni zezepolitiki, ephikisana ngokuphelele nokubandakanyeka kweMelika empini yaseVietnam. Kulokhu wathola incwadi yakhe yendatshana enesihloko esithi "Isibopho sezazi", athola ukuqashelwa okukhulu.

Kwakuhlotshaniswa ne- 'Kwesobunxele okusha' (Kwesobunxele okusha), futhi bekungokwalokho waboshwa amahlandla amaningi ngenxa yokulwa kwakhe nempi. UChomsky, kanye no-Edward S. Herman, bakhuthaze imodeli yenkulumo-ze ebucayi ngayo yonke into ephathelene nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US, futhi nalapho ethatha umhlalaphansi, waqhubeka nobushoshovu bakhe ngokuxhasa ngqo hamba 'Thatha' nezinye izici ezifanayo.

Washada noCarol Schatz Doris ngo-1949, ahlala naye kwaze kwaba ngu-2008, unyaka wokufa kwakhe. Ngalobu budlelwane wayenabantwana abathathu: u-Aviva, uDiane noHarry. Ngo-2014, washada noValeria Wasserman.

Imisebenzi ephawuleka kakhulu

Mayelana nezilimi

• Ngo-1957: "Izakhiwo zokwenza izinto"
• Ngo-1965: "Izici zeTheory of Syntax"
• Ngo-1965: "Izilimi ZaseCartesian"
• Ngo-1968: "Ulimi nengqondo"
• Ngo-1970: "Izincwadi Zamanje Emfundisweni Yezilimi"
• Ngo-1972: "Studies in Semantics in Generative Grammar"
• Ngo-1975: "Ukucabanga ngolimi"
• 1977: "Izindatshana zeFomu nokuhunyushwa"
• 1980: "Imithetho nezethulo"
• Ngo-1981: "Izingqungquthela ngoHulumeni nokuBopha izincwadi: Izinkomfa zePisa"
• Ngo-1984: "Ukufinyelela okujwayelekile ekutadisheni kwengqondo"
• Ngo-1986: "Izithiyo"
• Ngo-1986: "Ulwazi Lolimi: Uhlobo Lalo, Umsuka Nokusetshenziswa Kwalo"
• 1995: "Uhlelo Oluncane"

Mayelana nepolitiki

• Ngo-1970: "Uhulumeni Esikhathini Esizayo"
• Ngo-1984: "Impi Yesibili Yomshoshaphansi"
• 1988: "Inkululeko yesihlanu"
• Ngo-1987: "On Power and Ideology"
• Ngo-1990: "Abagcini Benkululeko"
• 1992: "Ukwesaba intando yeningi"
• Ngo-1997: "IGlobal Village"
• 1997: "Ukulwa Kwekilasi"
• 1997: "I-oda lomhlaba omusha (kanye nelidala)"
• 2000: "Izenzo zokuhlukumeza"
• 2000: "Inzuzo yiyona ebalulekile"
• 2001: "Izindlela Zamandla"
• 2001: "I-Un-Education"
• 2002: "Inkulumo-ze nemibono yomphakathi"
• 2003: "Unxantathu obulalayo"
• 2003: "Isiko lobushokobezi"
• 2004: "Imibono YaseMpumalanga Ephakathi"
• 2004: "IPirates nababusi"
• 2007: “Amazwe Ahlulekile. Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuhlaselwa kwentando yeningi "
• 2008: "Ukungenelela"
• 2008: "Ku-anarchism"
• 2008: "ILebhanon, evela ngaphakathi"
• 2010: "Amathemba namaqiniso"
• 2012: "Ama-Illusionists"
• 2013: "Ku-Anarchism"
• 2015: "Ngoba sisho njalo"

Eminye yemibono yakhe yezepolitiki, yezilimi nezenkolo

Umbono kaChomsky, ngaphandle kokuyeka noma ngabe siyavumelana naye noma cha, kuhle ukwazi, kanye nabo bonke ongqondongqondo nezazi zefilosofi ezinikele eminyakeni eminingi kangaka yezimpilo zazo ukucabanga. UChomsky unakho konke: ezepolitiki, ezolimi nezenkolo, futhi uma kungenjalo, funda uqhubeke ezinye zezitatimende zakhe:

Kubantu abaningi, ngisho nasezweni elicebile njenge-US, amaholo ame noma ehle eminyakeni engama-25 edlule, ngenkathi amahora nokungavikeleki kwemisebenzi kukhule kakhulu […] Umnotho womhlaba wehlile ngesikhathi esifanayo ( kakhulu) […] engxenyeni enkulu yabantu emhlabeni, izimo ziyethusa futhi zivame ukwehla, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, […] Ukuhlangana phakathi kokukhula komnotho nenhlalakahle yomphakathi okuye kwenzeka kaningi (ngokwesibonelo, emva kwempi noma ukukhululwa ngaphambi kwenkululeko ) kuncishisiwe.

UJesu uqobo, kanye nomlayezo omningi wamaVangeli, umlayezo wokusebenzela abampofu, ukuhlonishwa kwabacebile nabanamandla, kanye nemfundiso yokulwa, futhi kwahlala kunjalo, kwaba njalo-ke ubuKristu ... kwaze kwaba nguConstantine. : UConstantine wayiguqula, ngakho isiphambano, okwakuwuphawu lokushushiswa komuntu osebenzela abampofu, safakwa esihlangu soMbuso WaseRoma. Kwaba wuphawu lodlame nengcindezelo, okucishe kufane nalokhu isonto ebelikhona kuze kube manje ...

Uma ukholelwa enkulumweni yamahhala lapho ukholwa enkulumweni yamahhala yamaphuzu wokubuka ongawathandi. Isibonelo, uGoebbels wayevuna inkululeko yokuveza imibono njengaye, naye uStalin. Uma uthanda inkululeko yokukhuluma, lokho kusho ukuthi uvuna inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokunembile ngamaphuzu ongawabelani nawo, ngaphandle kwalokho ubungeke uvumele inkululeko yokubeka imibono.

Amaqiniso ajabulisayo

Njengeqiniso elithandekayo mayelana nesibalo sikaNoam Chomsky sizokutshela ukuthi bobabili ubuphekula be-jihadist Bin Laden njengomongameli wangaphambilini waseVenezuela, Hugo Chávez, wenza "inkulumo-ze" mayelana nezindatshana zikaNoam Chomsky, ethi lezi zincwadi kufanele zifundwe ukuze "ziqonde" kancane "inqubomgomo" yakhe ngokumelene ne-US.