UJulio Cortázar wayengumbhali odumile wase-Argentina owagqama endaweni yemibhalo yomhlaba ngobungqayizivele bemibhalo yakhe. Imvelaphi yakhe yamholela ekuchazeni imisebenzi yezinkondlo ebalulekile, amanoveli, izindaba ezimfushane, iphrozi emifushane kanye nezinhlobonhlobo. Okwesikhathi, umsebenzi wakhe wahlukana nemibono; wahamba ngenkululeko ephelele kanye nokubusa phakathi kwe-surrealism kanye namaqiniso omlingo.
Emsebenzini wakhe omude, Cortazar wakha iqoqo eliqinile lezincwadi ezihlukahlukene nezinengqondo. Hhayi lutho uthathwa njengomunye wababhali abakhulu be isenzakalo semibhalo eyaziwa ngokuthi "isi-latin American boom”. Uphinde wenza umsebenzi ogqamile njengomhumushi e-Unesco nakwezinye izikhungo zokushicilela. Kulo msebenzi wokugcina, imisebenzi yakhe yemisebenzi ka-Edgar Allan Poe, uDaniel Defoe, u-André Gide, uMarguerite Yourcenar noCarol Dunlop igqama.
Umsebenzi wezinkondlo kaJulio Cortázar
Ubukhona (1938)
Umbhalo wanyatheliswa ngo-1938 ngaphansi kwegama lokuqamba elithi Julio Denis. Iwuhlelo olukhawulelwe olwethulwa ngumhleli we-El Bibliófilo. Kwanyatheliswa amakhophi angu-250 kuphela, anamathonethi angu-43. Kulezi zinkondlo kwanqoba umculo, ngaphezu kokufuna ukuzwana nokuthula. UCortázar Akazange aziqhenye ngalo msebenzi, wayewubheka njengesenzo sokuxhamazela nesingavuthiwe, ngakho wenqaba ukuwushicilela kabusha.
Ngo-1971, engxoxweni noJG Santana, umbhali waphawula ngalokhu okulandelayo ngomsebenzi: “Isono sobusha engaziwa muntu futhi engingabonisi muntu. Kufihlwe kahle…”. Nakuba kuncane okwaziwayo ngale ncwadi, amanye alawo ma-sonnet ayatakulwa, enye yawo ithi:
"Umculo"
I
Ukuntwela
Baphinda kabili imicikilisho yasebusuku, belindile
inkemba ewolintshi - ichithiwe
okungapheli, i-oleander enyameni enamaphiko-
neminduze idlala entwasahlobo.
Bayaphika - bayaziphika - ama-wax swans
ukucindezelwa kwenkemba;
baya - hamba wena - enyakatho kuya ndawo
igwebu lokubhukuda kuze kufe ilanga.
Udonga lwepulani ehlukile luyakhiwa.
Idiski, idiski! Mbheke, Jacinto,
cabanga ukuthi wehlisa kanjani ubude bakhe ngawe!
Umculo wamafu, melopea
ibekwe endaweni yokubalekela kwayo umphezulu
okumele kube ithuna lakusihlwa.
I-Pameos kanye ne-meopas (1971)
Yiqoqo lokuqala lezinkondlo ezishicilelwe ngaphansi kwegama lakhe. Kuyinto inhlanganisela enezinkondlo zakhe ezimbalwa. U-Cortázar ubemanqikanqika ukwethula izinkondlo zakhe, wayenamahloni kakhulu futhi enganakile mayelana nezingoma zakhe zalolu hlobo. Mayelana nalokhu, waphawula: "Ngiyimbongi endala [...] nakuba ngigcine cishe yonke into ebhalwe kulowo mugqa ingashicilelwe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu nanhlanu."
Ngo-2017, i-editorial Nórdica yahlonipha umbhali ngokushicilela lo msebenzi, owawunezinkondlo azibhala kusukela ngo-1944 kuya ku-1958. Incwadi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziyisithupha Ngamunye unesihloko sawo—, eziqukethe phakathi kwezinkondlo ezimbili nezine, ezingenabo ubudlelwano phakathi kwazo noma usuku lokuchazwa kwazo. Naphezu komehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwemibhalo ngayinye - ukuntula ukuqondana kowamukelayo, isihloko, ubukhulu bayo noma isigqi - bagcina isitayela sabo sesici. Lolu hlelo luqukethe imifanekiso kaPablo Auladell. Enye yezinkondlo ithi:
"Ukubuyisela"
Uma ngingazi lutho ngomlomo wakho ngaphandle kwezwi
emabeleni akho kuphela amabhulawusi aluhlaza noma awolintshi;
ungaziqhayisa kanjani ngokuba nawe
ngaphezu komusa wethunzi elidlula phezu kwamanzi.
Enkumbulweni yami ngiphatha ukuthinta, i-pout
ukuthi kwangijabulisa kanjani, futhi ngaleyondlela
ukuhlala kuwena, nokugobile
ukuphumula kwesithombe sophondo lwendlovu.
Akuyona into enkulu lena engiyishiyile.
Futhi imibono, intukuthelo, imibono,
amagama abafowethu nodadewethu,
ikheli leposi nelocingo,
izithombe ezinhlanu, amakha ezinwele,
ukucindezela kwezandla ezincane lapho kungekho muntu ongasho
ukuthi umhlaba ungifihlele.
Ngithwala yonke into ngokukhululeka, ngilahlekelwa kancane kancane.
Angiyikuqamba amanga angenamsebenzi angunaphakade,
kungcono ukuwela amabhuloho ngezandla zakho
ngigcwele ngawe,
ukuphula inkumbulo yami ibe yizicucu,
elinika amajuba, kwabakholwayo
ondlunkulu, mabadle nina
phakathi kwamaculo nomsindo nokushaywa.
Ngaphandle kokuhlwa (1984)
Kuyiqoqo lezinkondlo zombhali ezashicilelwa ngemuva nje kokushona kwakhe. Umbhalo uthi umfanekiso wezithakazelo zakho, izinkumbulo nemizwa yakho. Izingoma zihlukahlukene, ngaphezu kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, zibonisa uthando lwakhe ngamadolobha akhe amabili: iBuenos Aires neParis. Kulo msebenzi uphinde wahlonipha izimbongi ezithile eziphawula ubukhona bakhe.
Ngo-2009, i-editorial Alfaguara yethula uhlelo olusha yaleli qoqo lezinkondlo, okuthi yayihlanganisa imibhalo yesandla yezilungiso ezenziwe umlobi. Ngakho-ke, amaphutha aqukethwe encwadini yokuqala nakwezinye izinhlelo achibiyelwa. I-sonnet elandelayo iyingxenye yalokhu kushicilelwa:
"Ukusungulwa okukabili"
Lapho i-rose esinyakazayo
bethela imigomo yohambo,
ngesikhathi se-landscape
igama elithi iqhwa liyacishwa,
kuzoba khona uthando oluzosithatha ekugcineni
esikebheni sabagibeli,
futhi kulesi sandla ngaphandle komyalezo
izovusa isibonakaliso sakho esimnene.
Ngicabanga ukuthi nginguye ngoba ngaqamba wena,
i-alchemy yokhozi emoyeni
kusukela esihlabathini nasebumnyameni,
nawe kulowo mlindelo ukhuthaze
ithunzi ongikhanyisela ngalo
futhi uyabubula ukuthi uyangiqambela.
Ezinye izinkondlo zombhali
"Ebusuku"
Namuhla ebusuku izandla zami zimnyama, inhliziyo yami ijulukile
njengokuthi ngemva kokulwela ukukhohlwa ngentuthu centipedes.
Konke kushiywe lapho, amabhodlela, isikebhe,
Angazi noma bebengithanda yini, noma bebelindele ukungibona.
Ephephandabeni lilele embhedeni lithi i-diplomatic meetings,
i-sangria yokuhlola yamshaya ngenjabulo ngamasethi amane.
Ihlathi eliphakeme lizungeza le ndlu emaphakathi nedolobha,
Ngiyazi, ngizwa sengathi impumputhe iyafa endaweni.
Umkami uyehla enyuka ngeladi elincane
njengokaputeni ongathembi izinkanyezi….
"Umfana omuhle"
Ngeke ngikwazi ukuqaqa izicathulo ngidedele idolobha ilume izinyawo zami
Ngeke ngidakwe ngaphansi kwamabhuloho, ngeke ngenze amaphutha esitayela.
Ngiyasamukela lesi siphetho samahembe ayi-ayina,
Ngifika emabhayisikobho ngesikhathi, nginikela isihlalo sami kubantu besifazane.
Ukuphazamiseka okude kwezinzwa kubi kimi."Abangane"
Kugwayi, kukhofi, ewayinini,
onqenqemeni lobusuku bayavuka
njengalawo mazwi ahlabelela kude
ngaphandle kokwazi ini, endleleni.Abafowethu abancane bekusasa,
I-Dioscuri, izithunzi eziphaphathekile, ziyangethusa
izimpukane zemikhuba, ziyangibamba
ukuhlala untanta phakathi kwesivunguvungu.Abafileyo bakhuluma okuningi kodwa ezindlebeni,
kanti abaphilayo bayisandla esifudumele nophahla,
isamba salokho okutholakele nalokho okulahlekile.Ngakho-ke ngolunye usuku esikebheni sethunzi,
kusukela ekungabikho kakhulu isifuba sami sizokhosela
lolu thando lwasendulo olubaqamba amagama."Jabulela unyaka omusha"
Bheka, angikuceli okuningi
isandla sakho kuphela, yiphathe
njengexoxo elincane elilala lijabule kanje.
Ngiyawudinga lowomnyango onginike wona
ukungena emhlabeni wakho, leso siqeshana
ushukela oluhlaza, of round ejabule.
Ngeke ungiboleke isandla sakho kulobubusuku
Ubusuku bangaphambi konyaka omusha wezikhova ezishisayo?
Awukwazi, ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe. Bese
Ngiyelula emoyeni, ngiluke umunwe ngamunye,
ipentshisi lesundu elinosilika
futhi ngemuva, lelo zwe lezihlahla eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ngakho ngiyayithatha futhi ngiyibambe, njenge
uma bekuya ngakho
umhlaba omningi,
ukulandelana kwezinkathi ezine,
ukukhala kwamaqhude, uthando lwamadoda.
Isifinyezo somlando wombhali
UJulio Florencio Cortázar wazalwa ngo-Agasti 26, 1914 esifundeni esiseningizimu ye-Ixelles eBrussels, eBelgium. Abazali bakhe kwakunguMaría Herminia Descotte noJulio José Cortázar, bobabili abadabuka e-Argentina. Ngaleso sikhathi, Ubaba wakhe wasebenza njengenxusa lezohwebo lenxusa lase-Argentina.
Buyela e-Argentina
Lapho iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala isizophela, umkhaya wakwazi ukuhamba eBelgium; Baqala ukufika eSwitzerland base befika eBarcelona. Lapho uCortázar eneminyaka emine ubudala, wafika e-Argentina. Wakhulela eBanfield—eningizimu yeBuenos Aires—kanye nonina, udadewabo u-Ofelia kanye nomalumekazi.
Ubuntwana obunzima
KuCortázar, ubuntwana bakhe bagcwala ukudabuka. Wahlupheka ngokushiywa uyise eneminyaka engu-6 futhi akazange aphinde ezwe ngaye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wachitha isikhathi esiningi embhedeni, ngoba wayehlala ehlushwa izifo ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, lesi simo samsondeza ekufundeni. Lapho eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye nje ubudala, wayesefunde uVictor Hugo, uJules Verne no-Edgar Allan Poe, okwabangela amaphupho amabi aphindelelayo.
Waba insizwa engavamile. Ngaphezu kokufunda kwakhe njalo, wachitha amahora amaningi efunda isichazamazwi esibizwa ngokuthi i-Little Larousse. Lesi simo samkhathaza kakhulu unina waze wavakashela uthishanhloko wesikole sakhe nodokotela eyobabuza ukuthi kuwukuziphatha okujwayelekile yini. Bobabili ochwepheshe bameluleka ukuba agweme ukufunda kwengane isikhathi esingangengxenye yonyaka, okungenani, futhi aphinde ashise ilanga.
Umbhali omncane
Lapho esezohlanganisa iminyaka eyi-10, uCortázar wabhala inoveli emfushane, ngaphezu kwalokho ezinye izindaba kanye namathoni. Le misebenzi yayingenasici, okwenza izihlobo zakhe zingathembi ukuthi zenziwe nguye. Umbhali uvumile izikhathi eziningi ukuthi lesi simo simdalele usizi olukhulu.
Izifundo
Ufunde esikoleni samabanga aphansi eSikoleni esingu-10 eBanfield, wabe esengena eMariano Acosta Normal School of Teachers. Ngo-1932, waphothula njengothisha ovamile futhi ngemva kweminyaka emithathu enguProfesa Wezincwadi. Kamuva, wabhalisa eNyuvesi yaseBuenos Aires ukuze afunde iFilosofi. Wawuyeka ngemuva kokuphasa unyaka wokuqala, njengoba enqume ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe ukuze asize unina.
Isipiliyoni somsebenzi
Waqala ukufundisa emadolobheni ahlukahlukene kuleli zwe, kuhlanganise neBolívar neChivilcoy. Ekugcineni waphila cishe iminyaka eyisithupha (1939-1944) futhi wafundisa ukubhaliswa kwezincwadi eSikoleni Esivamile. Ngo-1944, wathuthela eMendoza futhi wafundisa izifundo zezincwadi zesiFulentshi e-National University of Cuyo. Ngaleso sikhathi washicilela indaba yakhe yokuqala, "Witch", kumagazini Imeyili Yemibhalo.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva—ngemva kokunqoba kwePeronism—, Wawuyeka umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa wabuyela eBuenos Aires, lapho aqala khona ukusebenza e-Argentina Book Chamber. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, washicilela indaba ethi "Indlu ethathwe" kumagazini Umlando waseBuenos Aires —Iphethwe nguJorge Luis Borges—. Kamuva wethula imisebenzi eyengeziwe kwabanye omagazini abaziwayo, njengalaba: Iqiniso, On futhi i Ijenali Yezifundo Zakudala kusuka eNyuvesi yaseCuyo.
Ukufaneleka njengomhumushi kanye nesiqalo sokushicilelwa kwakho
Ngo-1948, uCortázar wafaneleka ukuba umhumushi osuka esiNgisini naseFrench. Lesi sifundo sathatha iminyaka emithathu ukuqeda, kodwa samthatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye kuphela. Ngemva konyaka, wethula inkondlo yokuqala eyasayinwa negama lakhe: “Los reyes”; Ngaphezu kwalokho, washicilela inoveli yakhe yokuqala: Kumnandi. Ngo-1951 wakhulula I-Bestiary, incwadi ehlanganisa izindaba eziyisishiyagalombili neyamenza waqashelwa e-Argentina. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, wathuthela eParis ngenxa yokungavumelani nohulumeni kaMongameli uPerón.
Ngo-1953 wamukela isiphakamiso seNyuvesi yasePuerto Rico sokuhumusha umbhalo ophelele ube yi-prose ka-Edgar Allan Poe.. Lo msebenzi wawubhekwa ngabagxeki njengombhalo ongcono kakhulu womsebenzi womlobi waseMelika.
Ukufa
Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 ehlala ezweni laseFrance, uMongameli uFrançois Mitterrand wamnikeza ubuzwe. Ngo-1983, umbhali wabuyela okokugcina - ngemva kokubuyela intando yeningi - e-Argentina. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uCortázar wabuyela eParis, lapho Washona ngo-February 12, 1984 ngenxa ye-leukemia.