I-Italo Calvino Wazalelwa edolobheni laseHavana (Cuba) elibizwa ngeSantiago de Compostela de Las Vegas, ikakhulukazi ngo-Okthoba 15, 1923 futhi washona eSiena (e-Italy) ngoSepthemba 19, 1985, eneminyaka engama-61.
UCuban wabazali base-Italiya, wayehlala ingxenye enkulu yempilo yakhe e-Italy, lapho ayengaqeqeshanga khona kuphela kepha nalapho athola khona intshisekelo yakhe enkulu yokubhala.
Ukuhlanganiswa neQembu lamaKhomanisi, walwa empini njengomuntu owayeneqembu, elwa nobushiqela. Okumsizile ukubhala incwadi yakhe yokuqala «Imizila yezidleke zesicabucabu », lapho abalisa khona amava akhe ekuphikiseni. Ekuqaleni izincwadi zakhe zazingumbhali, kodwa ngemuva trilogy «Okhokho bethu ", eyakhiwe ngamanoveli «Ingxenye ye-viscount ", "IBaron Edlangile » futhi "I knight engekho », wathathwa ngaphezulu ngu inganekwane nokuxoxa izindaba ezisankondlo.
Izindikimba ezivame kakhulu kumanoveli akhe yilezi:
- Ukuqaphela kokuba.
- Ukujeziselwa iqiniso langempela.
- Ukusolwa kwabantu ngokwesaba okungafanele isizungu.
- Sola ukungafani komuntu emhlabeni.
- Ukumangalelwa kochungechunge lokuziphatha okwenziwe ngaphambilini okubekwa kubantu.
- Izinkinga zomphakathi wezimboni wanamuhla.
Encwadini yakhe «UMarcovaldo » (1963), kubonakala ngokusobala ukuthi i- izici ezimbili zemibhalo ukuthi uCalvino usebenza ekulandiseni kwakhe: okungokoqobo nokumnandi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkondlo zakhe zavula isimo esisha samasiko, sokuziphatha nesitayela, esashukunyiswa yintshisekelo yezimpikiswano zesayensi noma zezibalo, kepha lapho isimo sakhe esihlekisayo nesisontekile maqondana neqiniso sisinda khona ngokusobala.
I-Essay kaCalvin: Izizathu eziyi-14 zokufunda ezakudala
Endabeni eyashicilelwa ngo-1986 ku 'Ukubuyekezwa Kwencwadi eNew York ', UCalvin usinika izizathu eziyi-14 zokufunda izincwadi zakudala ezinkulu... Futhi yize isizathu esiyinhloko, futhi lokho kufanele kusenele, ukufunda ama-greats ezincwadi, ukuthi bayasinda futhi bahlala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi ezinye izizathu umlobi waseCuba asinika zona azichithwa. Sizozibona sizihlaziye iphuzu ngephuzu.
1) Ama-Classics yizincwadi umuntu ajwayele ukuzwa zithi: "Ngiyaphinda ngifunda futhi" futhi angikaze "ngifunda ..."
Ukufunda incwadi enhle okokuqala ngqa lapho usumdala kuyintokozo eyejwayelekile, ehlukile kunaleyo (yize kungeke kushiwo kakhulu noma ngaphansi kwayo) injabulo yokuthi uyifunde usemusha. Ukuba mncane kuletha ekufundeni, njengakwezinye izipiliyoni, ukunambitheka okuthile kanye nomqondo othile wokubaluleka, ngenkathi ekuvuthweni umuntu azisa (noma kufanele abonge) imininingwane eminingi kanye nezincazelo zokufunda okufanayo.
2) Sisebenzisa igama elithi "zakudala" kulezo zincwadi eziyigugu kulabo abazifundile bazithanda; kepha ababongwa kangako yilabo abanenhlanhla yokuzifunda okokuqala ngqa ezimeni ezinhle kakhulu zokuzijabulela.
Ukufunda ebusheni kungahle kungabi nazithelo, ngenxa yokuphelelwa isineke, ukuphazamiseka, ukuntula ulwazi ngokufunda nokuqonda incwadi, futhi ekugcineni, ukungabi nakho okuhlangenwe nakho empilweni uqobo ... usitshele) kungenzeka ukuthi sizophinde sizithole lezi zingqinamba, ngaleso sikhathi eziyingxenye yezindlela zethu zangaphakathi, kepha imvelaphi yazo esiyikhohliwe.
3) Ngakho-ke, kufanele kube khona isikhathi empilweni yabantu abadala esizinikele ekubuyekezeni izincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu zentsha yethu.
Kunezinto zakudala ezinhle ezinethonya elithile kithi ukuthi zenqabe ukuqedwa emqondweni ngokufihla emaphethelweni enkumbulo, zizifihle njengabantu abahlangene noma abazi lutho. Kungakho kufanele ziphinde zifundwe uma sesifinyelele ekuvuthweni. Noma izincwadi zihlala zinjalo (yize zingaguquki, ngokubuka komlando osushintshiwe), impela sesishintshile, futhi ukuhlangana kwethu nalokhu kufunda okufanayo kuzoba yinto entsha ngokuphelele.
I-4) Ukufundwa ngakunye kwe-classic kunguhambo lokutholakala njengokufundwa kokuqala kwalo.
Lokho okwashiwo ngaphambili, ukuthi ukufunda okusha ngakunye esikwenzayo encwadini efanayo, kuyehluka kakhulu kuye ngesimo sethu, okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu okusha, indlela yokuphila esiyiholayo ngaleso sikhathi ... Konke kuyashintsha, noma ngabe le ncwadi isekhona ngokufanayo.
5) Ukufundwa ngakunye kwe-classic empeleni kufundwa kabusha.
I-6) I-classic yincwadi engakaze iqede ukusho lokho ekushoyo.
I-7) Ama-Classics yizincwadi eziza kithi ezinemikhondo yokufundwayo ngaphambi kwezethu, futhi zithwala iminonjana abayishiye ngokwabo emasikweni noma emasikweni abadlule kuwo.
Futhi leli phuzu lixhumene kakhulu nephuzu 5 lapho u-Italo Calvino eqinisekisa khona lokho "Ukufundwa ngakunye kwe-classic empeleni kufundwa kabusha."
Ngokusho kukaCalvin,
izikole namanyuvesi kufanele zisisize siqonde ukuthi ayikho incwadi ekhuluma ngenye incwadi esho ngaphezu kwale ncwadi okukhulunywa ngayo. Kunesimo esijwayelekile samanani lapho isingeniso, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibucayi, kanye nencwadi yezincwadi kusetshenziswa njengesikrini sokubhemela ukufihla ukuthi umbhalo uthini.
Lokhu kuchazwa kuchaza ezinye izizathu ezi-5 zokufunda okwakudala okuzayo:
I-8) I-classic akusho ukuthi isifundisa okuthile ebesingakwazi ngaphambili.
Ku-classic, kunezikhathi lapho sithola okuthile ebesilokhu sikwazi (noma sicabanga ukuthi besikwazi), kepha ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi lo mbhali ukusho kuqala, noma okungenani kuhlotshaniswa nakho ngendlela ekhethekile.
I-9) Ama-Classics yizincwadi esizithola zintsha, ziqabuleka futhi zingalindelekile ngemuva kokuzifunda, kunalokho esasikucabanga lapho sizwa ngazo.
Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela lapho okudala kusebenza ngempela, okungukuthi, lapho ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu busungulwa nomfundi. Uma inhlansi ye-classic-reader ingekho, kuyadabukisa; kepha akufanele ufunde ama-Classics ngenxa yomsebenzi noma inhlonipho, ngoba nje ubathanda.
I-10) Sisebenzisa igama elithi "classic" elisencwadini ethatha isimo sokulingana nendawo yonke, ngokulingana nezintelezi zasendulo.
11) Umbhali wakho wakudala wenza kahle kakhulu ongeke uzizwe ungenandaba naye, ngoba kukusiza ukuthi uzichaze maqondana naye, noma ngabe uphikisana naye.
12) A zakudala incwadi eyethulwa ngaphambi kwamanye ama-classics; Kepha noma ngubani ofunde ezinye kuqala, bese efunda lena, uyaziqaphela indawo yakhe esihlahleni somndeni.
Leli phuzu liyinkinga ehlobene nemibuzo enjengale: Kungani sifunde okwakudala esikhundleni sokugxila ezincwadini ezisivumela ukuba siqonde izingqondo zethu ngokujulile? Noma, sizositholaphi isikhathi nokuzola kokufunda okwakudala, sikhungathekile njengoba sikhungathekiswa yimicimbi yamanje?
Futhi kule mibuzo, u-Italo Calvino uphendula ngezizathu ezimbili zokugcina:
I-13) I-classic yinto evame ukwehlisa ukukhathazeka kwesikhashana esimweni somsindo wangemuva, kepha ngasikhathi sinye lo msindo wangemuva yinto esingenakwenza ngaphandle kwayo.
I-14) I-classic yinto eqhubeka njengomsindo wangemuva noma ngabe ukukhathazeka kwesikhashana okungahambisani kakhulu kulawula isimo.
Kubukeka sengathi iqiniso lisalele lokuthi ukufundwa kwamaklasikhi kubonakala kungqubuzana nesigqi sethu sempilo esikhona manje, esingasasivumeli ukuthi sibe nezikhathi ezinde zokufunda. Kodwa-ke, futhi ngifaka izwi lami, kuyindaba yesinqumo lapho ngithatha ivolumu eyodwa noma enye (izincwadi zakudala uma kuqhathaniswa nezincwadi zamanje) emashalofini elabhulali noma esitolo sezincwadi.
Futhi ekugcineni, ukufunda, ukuzicebisa ngokwamasiko, njalo kufanele uthole isikhathi esincane sansuku zonke.