Inkathi Yobumsulwa
Inkathi Yobumsulwa is a classic century, eyabhalwa ngumlobi odumile waseMelika u-Edith Wharton. Kuyindaba yothando eyenzeka emphakathini ophakeme waseNew York wekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Kulokhu, ama-protagonists kuzofanele alwe nemingcele namasiko asungulwe yizikhulu zesikhathi.
Inoveli —Setha ngo-1870— Kwakungenye yezindawo ezacelwa kakhulu emitatsheni yezincwadi nasezitolo ezidayisa izincwadi eNew York ngawo-20. Ngokunjalo, isihloko sathola umklomelo wePulitzer ngo-1921. Kube ngumkhawulo womsebenzi owashintshelwa esiteji futhi kathathu kwesikrini esikhulu (1924, 1934 kanye no-1993).
Inkathi Yobumsulwa
Yincwadi yezomlando yothando eyashicilelwa ngo-1920, eyasungulwa ikakhulu eNew York ngonyaka ka-1870. Leli tulo lihilela imindeni yabantu abasezingeni eliphezulu baseNew York, ababephila ngezinga eliphakeme, beya kwi-opera futhi behlangana emicimbini, emadilini nasemidansweni. Emsebenzini, UWharton uchaza ngokuningiliziwe amasethingi nemicimbi ebabazekayo njengoba wayeyazisa ngaleso sikhathi.
Umbhali usekela indaba ngokwengxenye kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe siqu. Okusobala kakhulu yizinkomba zokuziphatha kwabacebile bedolobha labo, abahlulela abancane futhi bazikholelwa ukuthi baphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhombisa iqiniso laseYurophu kuleyo minyaka - Ngendlela yokuphikisana—, nge-classism encane futhi iphambili ngokwamasiko kuneNew York.
Isiqubulo
Indaba iqala ngokumenyezelwa kokuzibandakanya phakathi kwentsha iNewland Archer noMay Welland; bobabili abavela emindenini enesimo esiphakeme senhlalo. Ungummeli; eqondiswe kahle, egxilile kumasiko angaleso sikhathi. Uyintokazi encane ethule, efundiswe ngezimiso ezinhle kakhulu futhi ezimisele ukuba yinkosikazi ephelele; uhlala ejabule, kepha ngaphandle kwesifiso noma umbono wakhe.
Ngalezo zinsuku u-Countess Ellen Olenska wayesethelekile eNew York, ongumzala kaMay. Ungowesifazane omuhle, ozimele futhi ongajwayelekile. Le ntokazi eccentric usebuyile eYurophu ngemuva kokuhlukana nomyeni wakhe, okungamukeleki emphakathini ophakeme waseMelika. Amahlebezi ahlazisayo awalindi futhi nawo aqala ukuthinta izihlobo zawo.
Umbono Omusha WaseNewland Archer
Ngenxa yalesi simo esibi, Umphathi ka-Archer umcela ukuthi akhulume no-Ellen ngasese futhi umqinisekise ukuthi asule inqubo yedivosi. Engxoxweni, uyabona ukuthi u-Ellen ubengajabule kanjani ngokushada nomuntu angamthandi. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, wenza ummeli abone ukuthi umphakathi ucinana kanjani lapho ahlala khona njalo.
Ekugcineni, u-Ellen uyasivuma isicelo sika-Archer bese ehlehla ngesahlukaniso, yize enganelisekile ngokuphelele. Ukuba nengxenye eyaziwayo yesiko laseYurophu kumenza avuke ebuthongweni ayekubo. Ingqondo yommeli isishintshile manje useqala ukuzibuza maqondana no ukuthi umshado omuhle kufanele ube yini.
Abathandekayo abathathu
Ngemuva kwale ngxoxo, INewland ne-Countess baba abangane abahle. Ngenxa yokuzizwa ekhululekile naye, unquma ukuhamba naye aye eholidini labangane bomndeni othile. Ukuba lapho, U-Archer uyayibona indlela azizwa ngayo ngempela ngo-Ellen; intshisekelo yabo idlula ngokuba ngabangane nabazala besikhathi esizayo.
Newland Yize eyindoda ezolile futhi elungile, ubelokhu enemicabango eqhubekayo, futhi egxeka izindinganiso aphila ngaphansi kwazo. Kungenxa yalokho walingeka washiya konke ku-Ellen —Okuhambisana naye futhi—, Pero umthwalo wakho unesisindo esingaphezulu futhi ugcina eshada noMay; yize imizwa yakhe ngo-Ellen isacashile.
Eziningi kuzoba yizimo ezizokwethulwa yile nxantathu yothando, phakathi komzabalazo walokho "okulungile" nokungajwayelekile. Abalingiswa abathathu bazogcina bethatha izinqumo ezizothinta impilo yalowo nalowo kubos, ngesiphetho esingalindelwa ngabaningi.
Ukulungiswa kwefilimu
Inkathi Yobumsulwa ulethwe esikrinini esikhulu ngamathuba amathathus. Owokuqala wawungo-1924, ngokuthuliswa nange-Warner Brothers. I-movie yesibili yayingo-1934; Lokhu kwakususelwa kule noveli futhi kwagcwaliswa ngumbhalo wokuguqulwa kweshashalazi okwenziwa eminyakeni eyisithupha eyedlule - eyethulwa kuBroadway ngo-1928.
Ifilimu yokugcina eyathatha umlando ebhalwe ngu-Edith Wharton yakhiqizwa ngo-1993 ngabakwaColumbia Pictures futhi yaqondiswa nguMartin Scorsese. Abalingisi bayo babekhona UDaniel Day-Lewis, uMichelle Pfeiffer noWinona Ryder; abamele iNewland, u-Ellen noMeyi, ngokulandelana. Le filimu iqokwe emiklomelweni eminingi yamafilimu, yawina ezigabeni:
- Idizayini enhle kakhulu yezimpahla (Oscar, 1993)
- Umlingisikazi Osekela Kakhulu uWinona Ryder (iGolden Globes, 1993)
- Umqondisi: UMartin Scorsese kanye noMlingisi Osekelayo: Winona Ryder (National Board of Review, 1993)
- Umlingisikazi Osekela Kakhulu uMiriam Margolyes (BAFTA 1993)
Mayelana nomlobi
NgoLwesihlanu, ngoJanuwari 24, 1862, eNew York City kwazalwa u-Edith Newbold Jones. Njengoba ayengomunye wemindeni ecebe kakhulu emphakathini ophakeme, wayefundiswe ekhaya, enabafundisi abenza kahle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waba nethuba lokuvakashela amadolobha amakhulu amaningi emhlabeni, kusukela esemncane kakhulu wayehamba nabazali bakhe.
U-Edith Wharton
U-Edith wayehlale ethanda ukubhala; empeleni wayengumlobi owayengaconsi phansi. Kodwa-ke, imisebenzi yakhe yayiphuza ukushicilelwa, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakungathandeki ukuthi owesifazane osezingeni eliphezulu azinikele ekufundeni. Kwakungenxa yalokhu izindaba zakhe eziningi zakuqala zathunyelwa ngokungaziwa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zingaphansi kwamabizo-mbumbulu.
travel
Wahlala kakhulu ebuntwaneni bakhe nabazali bakhe ezwenikazi laseYurophu, yize wayehlala njalo eya ezweni lakubo eNew York. U-Edith wakwazi ukuwela i-Atlantic cishe izikhathi ezingama-66, okwamvumela ukuba afunde izilimi eziningana futhi azi amasiko athile omhlaba. Ngendlela efanayo, lokhu kwasiza ekucebiseni izincwadi zakhe futhi kwenza kwaba lula ngaye ukuthola abangane abahle kakhulu, abanjengoHenry James.
Matrimonio
Washada no-Edward Robbins Wharton ngo-1885, ubudlelwano obungaqashelwa njengobuzwana, kepha obunesiphithiphithi ngenxa yokungathembeki kozakwabo. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-28 beshadile, U-Edith wayengomunye wabesifazane bokuqala bomphakathi ophakeme ukuhlukanisa, okuthile okuyinkimbinkimbi ngaleso sikhathi, ngoba lesi sihloko sasibhekwa njengesingavunyelwe.
Impi Yezwe Yokuqala
Kuyindlela yakhe edabula iYurophu, U-Edith Wharton Yayixhunyaniswe nemicimbi eminingi, kubandakanya neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngenkathi umbango usenzeka, Wavunyelwa ukuba ahambele phambili empini ukuletha usizo lwezempilo kulabo abathintekile endaweni. Leso senzo samzuzela isiphambano seLegion of Honor kuhulumeni waseFrance.
Ukufa
Ngemuva kwempi, U-Edith Wharton wathuthela uSaint-Brice-sous-Forêt. Kuleyo ndawo wahlala kwaze kwaba usuku lokufa kwakhe ngo-Agasti 11, 1937, ngemuva kokuhlaselwa isifo senhliziyo. Izinsalela zakhe zisensimini engcwele yakwaGonards, eVersailles.