Yayiyintoni incwadi yokuqala eprintiweyo

incwadi yokuqala eprintiweyo

Ngaba siyazi ukuba yayiyintoni incwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo? IBhayibhile kaGutenberg igqalwa njengencwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo.. Kodwa oku kulo mmandla wehlabathi. Oko kukuthi, ngokwembono yaseNtshona sinokuyigweba iBhayibhile eshicilelwe kwiworkshop kaGutenberg njengencwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto esiza kuziveza kweli nqaku kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Siyakumema ukuba ube kunye nathi umva emva kwexesha ukuze ufumanise ukuba yeyiphi incwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo embalini.

Umatshini wokushicilela kaJohannes Gutenberg

UJohannes Gutenberg (malunga nowe-1400-1468) wazalelwa eMainz kwindawo eyayisakuba buBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma. Nguye owasungula umatshini wokushicilela wale mihla, ukusuka kuhlobo olususekayo malunga ne-1440.

Uhlobo olushukumayo luquka amaqhekeza esinyithi acwangciswe kwiidrowa abathi abashicileli basebenzise ukukrola amagama ephepheni.. Ayeneempawu ezithile kunye nemilinganiselo ethile eyenza kube lula ukuprinta iimpawu zokuchwetheza okanye oonobumba ephepheni.

Le contraption Yayiyinkqubela enkulu yenkcubeko kunye nophuhliso loluntu. Kwaye incwadi yokuqala eyashicilelwayo yiBhayibhile phakathi ko-1450 no-1455. Yayibizwa ngokuba yiBhayibhile kaGutenberg okanye iBhayibhile enemigca engama-42, kuba ingqamana nenani lemigca eshicilelweyo kwiphepha ngalinye.

Le yayiyincwadi yokuqala ukushicilelwa ngoonobumba abanokushenxiswa eYurophu (ukuchwetheza ngemfonomfono). Ngexesha lokuyilwa kwenzeka, yayiluhlaziyo kuba lwalungqamana neengcinga ezintsha zamaProtestanti ezazisukela uhlaziyo lweCawa yamaKatolika nomfanekiso kaMartin Luther kumbindi osemantla welizwekazi elidala.

Kwakhona, Uyilo olutsha luvumele ukuveliswa kweekopi ezininzi ezithetha ukucotha, kodwa okuqhubekayo, ukuthotywa kweencwadi kunye nokusasazwa okukhulu phakathi kwabemi bolwazi.. Kakade ke, kuninzi okuza kusilela ekumiselweni kwedemokhrasi yenkcubeko nemfundo. Kodwa ngenxa yomatshini wokushicilela, kwavulwa indledlana eyayiza kwenza kube lula ukufikelela kwiincwadi ezazisoloko zigqalwa njengezinto zodidi olufumaneka kuphela kwizidwangube nakwiCawa.

Iintlobo zeselula

i-incunabula

Emva kwale nguqulelo yokuqala yeBhayibhile kaGutenberg kwavela incunabula entsha. I-Incunabula zezona ncwadi zokuqala ukushicilelwa ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu kusetyenziswa uhlobo lwentsimbi olushukumayo oluyilwe nguGutenberg. Lo nto, Zonke iincwadi ezishicilelweyo ukuya kutsho kunyaka we-1500 zithathwa njenge-incunabula..

Ezinye ze-incunabula zokuqala eSpain zifumaneka phakathi kwezenkolo, iintsomi, imisebenzi yeelwimi kunye ne-chivalric adventures. IValencia yayisisixeko esingoovulindlela eSpeyin ekushicileleni iincwadi ezineentlobo ezinokususwa.

Eminye i-incunabula efanelekileyo yiBhayibhile (eyashicilelwa ngolwimi lwesiValencian ngowe-1478), Imisebenzi elishumi elinambini yeHercules (umsebenzi obhalwe ngesiValencian waza washicilelwa ngowe-1483), Gxotha uMhlophe (ngowe-1490, nguJoan Martorell kunye nenye yezona ncwadi zibalulekileyo zoncwadi lwesiValencian), igrama yokuqala yolwimi lwesiRomance, i Igrama yesiCastilian ka-Antonio de Nebrija (1492), okanye uhlelo lokuqala lwe Celestine nguFernando de Rojas ngo-1499 kunye noncwadi lwakudala lweSpanish.

ijikji ishicilelwe

Incwadi yokuqala eprintiweyo

Ngoku, uhlobo lwentsimbi olushukumayo luye lwasetyenziswa eKorea ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Incwadi yokuqala eyashicilelwa kule nkqubo kwaye kukho ubungqina bayo yayiluxwebhu lwentanda-bulumko yobuBhuda jikji. Yingqokelela yeemfundiso zeZen, uhlelo lwazo lokuqala olushicilelweyo olususela kunyaka we-1377.

Le ncwadi ethi kwi-2011 yamkelwa yi-UNESCO njengenxalenye yeMemori yeNkqubo yeHlabathi ukuyinika ukubaluleka kunye nexabiso elingathandabuzekiyo. Yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini okanye imiqulu. Kodwa ngelishwa, Ayaziwa ukuba iphi na incwadi yokuqala.

nayo, eyona ncwadi indala ishicilelweyo ikwavela kwiMpuma Ekude: Diamond Sutra (ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX). Umbono wayo waphunyezwa ngenxa yobuchule obusebenzisa izinto ezifana neenkuni kunye nobhedu. Sisicatshulwa esithetha ngokufikelela kwimfezeko yomoya ngokusebenzisa iisutras okanye iintetho zamaBhuda.

Masingayilibali loo nto Imbali yencwadi ibonelele ngeendlela ezininzi zokubhala kwakhona. Umatshini wokushicilela kaGutenberg uphawule ngaphambi nasemva kwenkcubeko yeencwadi kwihlabathi liphela, uhlobo lokuqhambuka okubanzi kokusasazwa kolwazi ngamaphepha ephepha.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba bekukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezathi uluntu lwaphuhlisa ukuya kuthi ga kwixesha elinokwenzeka ngalo. Ngokomzekelo, ngaphambi kukaGutenberg nomatshini wakhe wokushicilela, ukushicilela kwakusele kusenziwa eYurophu ngeepleyiti zomthi. Iinkqubo ezisisiseko kunye nezingasebenzi kakuhle. Y amaTshayina ayesele eshicilela ixesha elide ngaphambi kwethu; kwaye babe, ngendlela, oobawo bephepha.

Ekugqibeleni, kuyamangalisa ukubona indlela isayensi kunye neteknoloji ezikhula ngayo ngokungaqondakaliyo kwindawo enye kunye nenye emhlabeni ngamaxesha apho abantu babeqhawule umtshato. Kodwa ekugqibeleni, wonke umntu ulandela indlela yakhe kwaye uzuze inkqubela encomekayo kuluntu lwabo luphela.


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