Ukuba luncedo kokungenamsebenzi

Into eluncedo engenamsebenzi.

Into eluncedo engenamsebenzi.

Ukuba luncedo kokungenamsebenzi. Bonakalisa, yincwadi nguprofesa wase-Italiya nesithandi sobulumko uNuccio Ordine. Yaguqulelwa kwiSpanish nguJordi Bayod yaza yapapashwa yindlu yokupapasha iAcantilado ngo-2013. Ijongana ngokunzulu nokuhla kwezifundo zobuntu kwimfundo yezoluntu. Ewe, ngokoluvo lombhali waseCalabrian, ukuguqulwa kwemfundo kunye nezifundo zobugcisa kubekwa phambili ngokubaluleka kukwenza imisebenzi "enenzuzo".

Abahlalutyi boncwadi abanjengoMiguel Guerra (2013) osuka kwiDyunivesithi yaseZaragoza baye bagxininisa ekuxhaseni iindlela ezibandakanyiweyo Ukuba luncedo kokungenamsebenzi. UGuerra ucacisa esithi, "... kuwo nawaphi na amaphepha ayo ngokuqinisekileyo uyakufumana i-anecdote, isicatshulwa, umbono ocacisa isidingo sokusasaza le ncwadi." Umsebenzi ka-Ordine uchaza indawo ebubungqina bayo buqinisekisiwe imihla ngemihla.

Malunga nombhali, uNuccio Ordine

UNuccio Ordine wazalelwa eDiamante, eCalabria, ngoJulayi 18, 1958. Uthathelwa ingqalelo njengegunya kuRenaissance nakwimicimbi yangoku yeGiordano Bruno. Ngoku ufundisa uNcwadi lwase-Itali kwiYunivesithi yaseCalabria. Ukwalilungu elihloniphekileyo leZiko leZifundo zase-Itali zoNyango lwase-Harvard kwiYunivesithi yase-Harvard kunye no-Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung.

Ngokunjalo, u-Ordine yinxalenye yabasebenzi abancedisayo kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi zaseMelika (iYale, eNew York) naseYurophu (i-EHESS, i-olecole Normale Supérieure eParis) iiyunivesithi., IZiko leDyunivesithi laseParis, phakathi kwabanye). Imisebenzi yakhe iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezingaphezu kwe-15. Ukwangumbhali wekholamu ICorriere de la Sera kunye nomlawuli weengqokelela yodumo lwakwaRenaissance eNaples, eTurin naseMilan.

Ukungena kumxholo, isiqwenga somsebenzi

"Kwindalo iphela ye-utilitarianism, ngokungathi kunjalo, isando sixabiseke ngaphezu kwesymphony, imela ngaphezu kwesihobe, utsalo ngaphezulu kokupeyinta: kuba kulula ukuthatha ulawulo lwesixhobo ngelixa kunzima ngakumbi ukuqonda ukuba ngowuphi umculo, uncwadi okanye ubugcisa obunokusetyenziselwa.

«Amaphepha alandelayo awenzi ngathi enze i-organic text. Babonisa ukwahlukana okubakhuthazayo. Ngesi sizathu ke nesihlokwana esithi - iManifesto- ingabonakala ngathi ayinakulinganiswa kwaye inamabhongo ukuba ibingagwetyelwanga ngumoya wokulwa ohleli usenza lo msebenzi ”.

Ubume bomsebenzi

Zisuka nje, umbhali uveza izizathu zakhe zokubhala isincoko, nesekelwe kumoya wakhe wobukrwada. Kwangelo xesha, u-Ordine ucacisa ukuba indawo yakhe yayingekokucacisa ubhalo lwezinto eziphilayo, ke ibali lakhe alinanjongo kwaye aligqibanga. Usebenzisa ii-analogies ezivela kwizicatshulwa ezivela kumaxesha ahlukeneyo athiwe thaca ngokolandelelwano lwamaxesha ukuze axhase ingxoxo yakhe Ukuba luncedo kokungenamsebenzi.

Izahluko ezithathu

Incwadi yahlulahlulwe yazizahluko ezithathu:

  • Eyokuqala igxila kwizibonelelo zoncwadi kunye nezinye izinto "ezingenamsebenzi".
  • Eyesibini inikezelwe kutshintsho oluqhutywa kukusebenza kwenzuzo ekufundiseni, kuphando nakwinkcubeko.
  • Isahluko sesithathu sichitha iziphumo eziyingozi "zokungazikhohlisi" zokuba nelifa kwi honitas homalis. Njengokuvala (ukugqibelela), isincoko sika-Abraham Flexner sivelisiwe.

Ubuntu kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX

UNuccio Ordine.

UNuccio Ordine.

Kwintshayelelo ye- Ukuba luncedo kokungenamsebenzi, Iinkcukacha zobukrelekrele zase-Italiyane yeyona nto iphambili ekuthandeni izinto ezibonakalayo kwimfundo yangoku. Kule meko, iinkqubo zemfundo kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwabaphathiswa zicwangcisiwe ngokungakhathali ngokucacileyo kuluntu. Ewe, ezi ziindawo ezikhululekileyo nezizimeleyo, ezahlulwe "kwizicelo ezisebenzayo" kwaye zinenzuzo.

Ngokwahlukileyo, ulwazi lobuntu ludlulela ngaphaya kokuhlakulela umoya. Enkosi kwindalo yabo yokungazingci, ezi zibalulekile kwindaleko yempucuko kunye nophuhliso lwenkcubeko yoluntu. Ukongeza, u-Ordine ukhusela ukuba isimilo semfundo esidibeneyo asinakucalulwa ngokuhambisa ulwazi olujolise ekungasetyenzisweni kunye / okanye kwiinjongo zorhwebo.

Imfesane kunye nengqiqo

I-Ordine ayifuni ukubonisa ubuntu ngaphezulu kwalo lonke olunye ulwazi. Endaweni yoko, ichaza ixabiso lesayensi, izifundo zobugcisa, kunye nokhuphiswano. Nangona kunjalo, inyanzelisa ukuba nokuba uqeqesho olusebenzayo lunexabiso elongeziweyo, lahluke mpela kwelo lempondo. Ke ngoko, yonke imimandla yokwakheka komntu inokujoliswa ngaxeshanye kukucinga okuqinisekileyo kunye nemfesane; ayikhethi bodwa.

Ukuncitshiswa koncedo koncwadi

NgokukaWilson Enrique Genao kwi Incwadana yeYunivesithi yokufundisa (2015), umbhali uthatha ukubonakaliswa kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo "zabefundisi abanjengoVincenzo Padula" ukukhusela ithisisi yakho. Yongeza “iimbongi kunye nababhali abanjengo-Ovid, uDante, uPetrarca, uBoccaccio, ingawenzi, UShakespeare, uDickens, uGarcía Lorca, uMarquez. Nezithandi zobulumko ezinjengoSocrates, uPlato, uAristotle, uKant, uMichel Montaigne, uMartin Heidegger noPaul Ricoeur… ”.

Ngale ndlela, ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokufunda iinkosi ezinkulu zoncwadi ngaphandle kokugxila ekufumaneni nasiphi na isibonelelo okanye umyalelo othile. U-Ordine uthi eyona njongo iphambili yokufundwa kwefilosofi kukudlala. Nangona kunjalo, igalelo ngokubhekisele kulwazi lobuntu kunye nengcinga enzulu ayinakuphikwa, ehlala ibonisa eyona inzima ukuyichaza.

Isisa vs. Uncedo

Ukujongana ne-archetype yokusebenzisa kunye nemfundiso esisiseko ye-mercantilist, u-Ordine ubonelela ngexabiso lokukhohlisa, iinjongo kunye nokuqina. Isisa sichasene nengcamango ka-Heiddiengger yendoda, ethi, yoyiswe bubomi bemihla ngemihla, ikhokelela kubukho obungenabala. Oko kukuthi - ngaphandle kokuhlasela ngqo ubukapitali - umbhali wakhomba kwinkqubo yemfundo eyenza oomatshini ngaphandle komphefumlo.

Umntu ongenalo ixesha lokucinga "ngezinto ezingenamsebenzi" ulibanjwa lezidingo zakhe ezisisiseko, umntu ongenabomi obonwabisayo. Isithandi-sobulumko sedayimani sigqiba isahluko sokuqala ngokukhomba kwindima eyindumasi yoluntu ekusekweni kwabemi abanoxanduva, abanemodeli kunye nabazinikeleyo ekuhlaleni.

Iyunivesithi-nkampani kunye nabafundi-abathengi

Isahluko sesibini sigxile kwindida exakekisa umgangatho wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba "wobugcisa ngenxa yobugcisa" kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu ukoyisa imeko yenguqu ebonakala ngathi ayinakuthinteleka kwiiyunivesithi zibe ziinkampani. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abafundi ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo bathatha indima yabathengi ekhuthazwayo, ngaphezulu kwako konke, ngekamva elinenkqubela phambili yezinto eziphathekayo.

Caphula ngoNuccio Ordine.

Caphula ngoNuccio Ordine.

Ke, "ukuba umxhasi uhlala elungile", umgangatho wokufundisa uvelisa ubandlululo lokufumana isidanga ngelona xesha lifutshane. Le meko ikwatsala i-faculty, iguqulwe yabangamagosa asebenzela izixhobo zorhwebo eyunivesithi-nkampani. Ngenxa yoko, u-Ordine ubona kubalulekile ukuba ayile inkqubo ye-yunivesithi ejolise ikakhulu kwimveliso "yabasebenzi abanenzuzo."

Ubugcisa?

U-Laura Luque Rodrigo ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseJaén, uyayichitha intsingiselo yengcinga kaBaudelaire ecatshulwe ngu-Ordine: "indoda eluncedo iyothusa". Kwimpapasho yakhe (2014) ka Ububi obubiU-Luque ubuza: “Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka sibaleke izinto eziluncedo? Ingaba ubugcisa ngokwenkcazo abunakunceda ukuze ube mhle? ”.

U-Luque uthi “… kuyo yonke imbali, (ubugcisa) bebunemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, nokuba yeyokufundisa, ukuzukisa, ezopolitiko, ubuhle bobugcisa, njalo njalo. Ekugqibeleni, ke, yonke indalo ine-utility, nangona isiphumo, into yokugqibela, ayinamdla kumdali njengoko kwenzeka ku-Aureliano Buendía, inzuzo yakhe yokugqibela yayingamava, ngoko ke, ukuba siyayifuna, siya kwenza. soloko ufumana ukusebenza kuyo yonke indalo.”

Ubugcisa nenkcubeko ngamaxesha obunzima

UNuccio Ordine usebenzisa amabinzana avela kuHenry Newman kunye noVictor Hugo ekuthinteleni ukuncitshiswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo mali kwizifundo zobuntu kwiinkqubo zemfundo. Ikwanyanzelisa ukuphindaphinda iiphothifoliyo ezimiselwe iinkqubo zenkcubeko kunye nezobugcisa kwiimeko ezibi. Ngokuhambelana, umbhali akacingi nayiphi na ingqikelelo yokufundisa ukuba icwangcisiwe ingenazo ezakudala.

Ukufumana okubulalayo: Dignitas hominis, Uthando, iNyaniso

Kwinxalenye yesithathu Ukuba luncedo kokungenamsebenzi, U-Ordine wenza ngabom malunga nolindelo lobuxoki olufunyenwe kubutyebi nakwigunya. Imele isikhundla esidelelayo sefilosofi yase-Italiya ebusweni besimo sengqondo sabantu abaxabisa abanye ngokusekelwe kwimpahla. Kwangokunjalo, isithandi sobulumko sase-Italiya sihlalutya umxholo wothando kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu obulawulwa yinto engatshintshiyo yezinto abanazo.

Ngaphakathi komda we izidima, uthando nenyaniso yintsimi efanelekileyo yokubonisa ukungazicingeli okwenyani. Ke ngoko, kwiikhrayitheriya ye-Ordine akunakwenzeka ukuba uyixabise honitas hominis phantsi kweeparameter eziqhelekileyo kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Ibandakanya ukungqubana okukhulu kakhulu ukuzama ukubonisa ukungakhathali phakathi "kwempucuko" engakwaziyo ukwahlula isikhunta sezinto ezibonakalayo kwizifundo zayo.

Isiphelo kunye nesincoko sika-Abraham Flexner njengesihlomelo

Ngokudibeneyo, imanifesto kaNuccio Ordine kunye nesincoko sikaFlexner mema umfundi ukuba abonakalise isigxina njengendlela yokuqonda isidima sabo. Imeko enokuthi ifikeleleke kuphela kwimfundo egxile kuqeqesho olubanzi, ngaphandle kokukhetha okanye ukusikwa kohlahlo-lwabiwo mali okubangelwe (sisizathu) samaxesha obunzima. Ke ngoko, kuyafuneka ukuba uqwalasele kwakhona kule nkalo ukufumana impendulo eyoneleyo kwiminyaka yethu yedijithali.

Okokugqibela, uFlexner ubongoza ukuba angabuyisi umdla wendalo wabantu ngenjongo yokukhuthaza "ukukhangela simahla ulwazi olungenamsebenzi". Kuba ibalulekile? Ewe, kwixa elidlulileyo uluntu sele lubonakalisile iziphumo ezixabisekileyo ezigqithileyo zenkululeko yoyilo lomntu. Ukuba into ekuthiwa "ayinamsebenzi" ayinabungozi, yintoni inqaku lokuyiphatha njengento eyingozi okanye eyingozi?


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  1.   Luciano kakhulu sitsho

    Ukuncitshiswa "kwentengiso", njengohlobo lwesiphene kwimpucuko, igates ubuncinci umba omnye kwincwadi kaOrdine: Intlawulo kunye nekhadi lam, ndiyathemba ukuba i-imeyile izise kum, ngekhe ndifunde into ephetheyo. Le yezinto vs okomoya-okwenyani kukuzibaxa okudidayo. Kwezona zihluthwayo kwaye zichanekile. (Kwaye ndinencwadi ngeelwimi ezintathu, ngenxa yemiqondiso, uyabona?).
    Ndiyichazile kumbhali ngokwakhe, nge-twitter, othe wahleka, wadibana ...