Mnumzana Horace Walpole, Shadowforger

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Namhlanje kuphawula isikhumbuzo sama-290 sokuzalwa kuka UHorace Walpole, iaristocrat eqaqambileyo ene Inqaba yaseOtranto (1764) waqala inoveli yeGothic.

Umbhali ngokwakhe uyayicacisa indlela leveli yenoveli eyaqala ngayo: “Ngenye intsasa ekuqaleni kukaJuni ophelileyo, ndavuka ephupheni endikukhumbulayo kukuba ndandikwinqaba elidala (…) kwaye, kwibalustrade ephezulu kwizinyuko ezikhulu, ndabona isandla esikhulu esineglavu yentsimbi. Emva kwemini ndiye ndahlala phantsi ndaqala ukubhala, ndingazi ukuba ndifuna ukuthini kanye kanye. Umsebenzi ukhule ezandleni zam ”.

Kancinci kancinci abalinganiswa bavela (inguzwilakhe uManfredo, u-Isabel onomtsalane, u-Teodoro omncinci ...) kunye nesiqwenga esinee-twist ezimangalisayo, ngeziqalekiso, izazisi ezatyhilwa ngokumangaliswa kunye nokubonakala okubonakalayo. Zonke zibekwe kwindawo eyoyikisayo: loo nqaba yamaxesha aphakathi ephupheni likaWalpole, indawo ekhoyo kuyo yonke inoveli.

Ungayitsho loo nto Inqaba yaseOtranto Kufana nomatshini wokuhlukumeza wamaxesha aphakathi ogcwele iipulisi ezinomhlwa, iigiya kunye neepikhi. Nangona ingasebenzi kwaye siqonda ukuba yeyelinye ixesha, umbono wayo usibangela inkxalabo ethile. Yiyo loo nto inoveli, nokuba ineziphene kunye nobuthathaka, ngamanye amaxesha iyakwazi ukuvelisa imeko eyoyikisayo engenakuphepheka.

Kwaye ngaphandle kokulindelwa, ukuyifunda kuyonwabisa. Mhlawumbi enkosi kwiinguqu ezibaxiweyo kumxholo kunye nokuhlekisa ngamanye amaxesha okunika umlinganiswa onqamleza ngokwakho. I-parody yokuzibandakanya, ngokuqinisekileyo ngaphandle kokuzithandela, kuba uWalpole wayezazi zombini izithintelo kunye nomsebenzi wakhe. Yiyo ke le nto athi kwisandulela sakhe kuhlelo lwesibini: “Kodwa [umbhali] ukuba indlela entsha ayenzileyo ivula amathuba kumadoda anetalente enkulu, uya kuvuma ngolonwabo nangokuthozama ukuba ebesazi ukuba umbono ungafumana ngcono. izihombiso kunabo banikezele iingcinga zabo okanye baphatha iinkanuko ”.

Okwangoku, ukufaneleka kukaWalpole kulungile. Ngaphezulu kwenkulu, inkulu. Okokuqala ngokutyala le mbewu eya kuthi kamva ivelise iziqhamo njenge UmonkiNgu-MG Lewis. Okwesibini, kungenxa yokuba Inqaba yaseOtranto Isenzo sokuvukela ubuqhawe panorama yoncwadi kunye nengqondo yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, eyayilawulwa kukuqiqa kunye neoclassicism, eyayixhonywe kwintelekelelo kwaye yalandela incasa yobungangamandla kwezobugcisa.

Lixesha labamkeli abanjengo USamuel Johnson, owathi ngo-1750 wabhala ukuba umsebenzi wenoveli ubandakanya "ukubangela iziganeko zendalo ngendlela enokwenzeka, kunye nokugcina umdla ngaphandle koncedo lokumangaliswa: ke ngoko iyabandakanywa kwiinkqubo kunye nezixhobo zothando lobuqhawe; kwaye akanakho ukusebenzisa iingxilimbela ukuba zihluthe inenekazi kwimisitho yomtshato, okanye amaqhawe ukuze alibuyise: kwaye akanako ukuphazamisa abalinganiswa bakhe entlango okanye abamkele kwiinqaba zentelekelelo ”.

Izigebenga, amanenekazi athunjiweyo, amaqhawe anobuqhawe, iinqaba zentelekelelo ... izinto nje eziza kusetyenziswa nguWalpole Inqaba yaseOtranto. Ngaphandle kweembono, iimfihlakalo kunye neziqalekiso, ewe.

Ukulungiselela ukwamkelwa kwenoveli yakhe, uWalpole wasebenzisa ubuqhetseba bokuyipapasha phantsi kwegama elingelilo, ngokungathi kukuguqulelwa kwekopi ye-Italiyali yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX efumaneka kwithala leencwadi elidala. Inkohliso yayisebenza, inoveli yaba yimpumelelo yoluntu kunye nohlelo lwesibini esele luvele kunye nomsayino wakhe.

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Okwangoku, kucacile ukuba uHorace Walpole zombini wayengumlingiswa okrelekrele kunye nobungqina. Unyana kaSir Robert Walpole, Inkulumbuso yaseNgilane phakathi kwe-1721 kunye ne-1742, u-Earl wase-Orford, emva kokutyhutyha i-Yuropu wabamba isikhundla sepalamente kwaye wakhokela ubomi uhlala ehambelana noko akubona kufanelekile. Ukususela ngo-1750 wayehlala eStrawberry Hill, indlu enkulu awayeyiguqula yaba yingcamango emnandi eyenzelwe ukuthanda kwakhe.

Ngaphandle kwe Inqaba yaseOtranto, wabhala amakhulu amaphepha phakathi kweeleta, iimemo, ukugxeka, imbali kunye nezifundo zobugcisa, kubandakanya nentlekele malunga nolwalamano, Umama ongaqondakaliyo, kunye nothotho lwamabali amafutshane abiziweyo Iimbali zeHieroglyphic. Akukho nguqulelo yaseSpain yomdlalo, kodwa ikhona kwincwadi yamabali, nakwizandla zikaLuís Alberto de Cuenca.

UWalpole uwabhale la mabali ngobuchule obusondele ekubhaleni okuzenzekelayo, eshiya umbono wokubaleka ukhululekile, ngaphandle kwesizathu sokungenelela ngaphaya kwenjongo yokuqala yokumisela isenzo eMpuma. Isiphumo sikhawuleza, amabali okuqala, kunye nobuninzi bezinto ezingenangqondo ngamanye amaxesha ezikhokelela kwi-macabre, njengakwimidwebo kaEdward Gorey. KuLuís Alberto de Cuenca, bakha into yokuqala yesiFrentshi, kwaye kuya kubonakala ngathi, alicia NguLewis Carroll, nika imbeko "kwisiphithiphithi nakwiingcinga zobuntwana."

Kwinguqulelo yakhe Iimbali zeHieroglyphicNgendlela, isihlomelo sephepha ezingama-30 kwinoveli ebalulekileyo yesiNgesi yeGothic ibandakanyiwe kwabo banomdla kuhlobo olo kunye nabalandeli befantasy kunye noncwadi oloyikisayo ngokubanzi.


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