Isiqithi esiphantsi kolwandle ngu-Isabel Allende

Ipapashwe ngo-2009, Isiqithi esiphantsi kolwandle yinoveli ngu Umbhali waseChile-waseMelika u-Isabel Allende. Ibalisa ngomzabalazo wenkululeko yamakhoboka iZarité - eyaziwa ngokuba yiTeté - eHaiti ngenkulungwane ye-1810. Incwadi ithatha iminyaka engamashumi amane ukusuka kubundlobongela kunye nokuzaliswa kukoyika ebuntwaneni ukuya kwi-XNUMX, ixesha lembuyekezo yakhe yokugqibela eNew Orleans.

Kuza kwenziwa umyolelo wentsimbi ngenkxaso yamanye amakhoboka kwisigqi segubu laseAfrika kunye nevoodoo. Yiyo loo nto kuvela umfazi ozimisele ukuyeka imithwalo yexesha elidlulileyo kwaye afumane uthando ngaphandle kokubandezeleka. Ngokuka K. Samaikya (2015) wase-Acharya Nagarjuna University (India),Isiqithi esiphantsi kolwandle lelinye lawona mabali abalulekileyo kwikhulu leshumi elinesixhenxe. Kwaye yingxelo engokuphela kwemvukelo yamakhoboka ephumeleleyo kwihlabathi liphela ”.

Malunga no-Isabel Allende

Ukuzalwa nosapho

U-Isabel Allende Llona wazalelwa eLima, ePeru, ngo-Agasti 2, 1942. Ungoyena mdala kubantakwabo abathathu. ngomtshato phakathi kukaTomás Allende (umzala wokuqala kaSalvador Allende, umongameli waseChile ukusuka ngo-1970 ukuya ku-1973) noFrancisca Llona. Utata wakhe wayesebenza njengonobhala wozakuzo waseChile eLima ngexesha lokuzalwa kwakhe. Emva kokuqhawula umtshato kwi-1945, uLlona wabuyela eChile nabantwana bakhe abathathu.

Izifundo

Umama wakhe wayeza kuphinda atshate noRamón Huidobro Rodríguez ngo-1953, usosiphathamandla owabelwa eBolivia ukusukela ngaloo nyaka. Pha, Isabel oselula wayefunda kwisikolo saseMelika eLa Paz. Emva kwexesha, wazigqiba izifundo zakhe kwiziko labucala laseBritane eLebhanon. Ekubuyeni kwakhe eChile ngo-1959, watshata noMiguel Frías, owayenabantwana ababini ngexesha lomanyano lwabo lweminyaka engama-25, uPaula (1963-1992) noNicolás (1967).

Ukupapashwa kokuqala

Phakathi kowe-1959-1965, u-Isabel Allende wayeyinxalenye yoMbutho woKutya nezoLimo kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-FAO - isaci esifana nesiNgesi). Ukusukela ngo-1967 wabhala amanqaku ephephancwadi Paula. ENgo-1974 wenza ushicilelo lwakhe lokuqala kwimagazini yabantwana IMampato, Umakhulu uPanchita. Kwangalo nyaka ukwasungule I-Lauchas kunye ne-lauchones, iimpuku kunye neempuku (Amabali abantwana).

Ukugxothwa eVenezuela

Ngo-1975, u-Isabel Allende wanyanzelwa ekuthinjweni nosapho lwakhe eVenezuela ngenxa yokuqina kolawulo lobuzwilakhe lukaPinochet. E-Caracas wayesebenzela iphephandaba El Nacional kwaye kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kude kube kukupapashwa kwinoveli yakhe yokuqala Indlu yeMimoya (1982). Kwakuyindawo yokuqala yomxholo wokuhlela owamthatha njengombhali ophilayo ofundwayo phakathi kwezithethi zaseSpain ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Umbhali othengisa kakhulu ngaphandle kokugxekwa okungathandekiyo

Ukuza kuthi, U-Isabel Allende uthengise ngaphezulu kwe-71 yezigidi zeencwadi, iguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezingama-42. Ngaphandle kwempumelelo enkulu yorhwebo- ngakumbi eMelika -, Baninzi abagxeki kwisitayile sakhe soncwadi. Isiqithi esiphantsi kolwandle khange ibe njalo. Malunga, abavakalisi Weekly (2009) uyayigxeka inoveli, kuba “… ityhila umbhali ofunde inqwaba yeenyani ngaphandle kokufunda nenyaniso enye”.

nayo, UJanis IsabelUmgcini weNcwadi, 2020) ukugxothwa njenge "kungaphekwanga" kwaye "kubhalwe ngaphezulu" kwimiboniso emininzi yesondo ye Isiqithi esiphantsi kolwandle. Ikwatyhola ngelithi uAllende "uyalahla ukumodareyitha kunye novelwano olubalulekileyo kuloo ngxaki" (ubukhoboka). Nangona kunjalo, Uluhlu lweencwadi uxelwe kusungulo lwayo: "Imfuno yale noveli imangalisayo kunye nokuntywiliselwa malunga nesibindi samadoda nabasetyhini ababeka emngciphekweni yonke into ngenkululeko iya kuba phezulu."

Isishwankathelo sesiqithi esiphantsi kolwandle

Ukuqala kwebali kubekwe kwisiQithi saseSanta-Domingue (Hispaniola) kwii-1770s. Apho, kuboniswa iZarite encinci kwaye ibhityile (eyaziwa ngokuba yiTete). Uyintombi yekhoboka laseAfrika angazange adibane naye kwaye ngomnye woomatiloshe abamhlophe abazise umama wakhe kwihlabathi elitsha. Ngobuntwana obukrakra obuzaliswe luloyiko, ufumana isiqabu phakathi kwesandi segubu kunye nevoodoo dumisani eyenziwa ngamanye amakhoboka.

UTete uthengwa nguViolette - ibhotwe elinomtsalane le-mulatto courtesan - egameni leToulouse Valmorain, indlalifa engamashumi amabini ananye yento etyalwe kwiswekile. Umnini-mhlaba uxhomekeke kwikhoboka, nangona injongo yakhe yoqobo yayikukumthengela intombi yakhe, u-Eugenia García del Solar. Emva komtshato, impilo ka-Eugenia iqala ukuba mandundu kwaye uneengxaki zokuphuphuma kwesisu ngokulandelelana okumsa kwinqanaba lokuhlanya.

Inkohlakalo nethemba

Kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kokuba asweleke, u-Eugenia wakwazi ukuzala umntwana ophilayo, uMaurice, onikwe iZarite ekukhuleni kwakhe. Ngelo xesha, uTete owayekhe wangxola uguqukile waba ngumntu okwishumi elivisayo onomdla, onqwenelwa yiValmorain. Inkosi ehlukumezayo igqibela ngokudlwengula ikhoboka layo ngaphandle kokuthandana komama nonyana ikhule kunye nezibulo lakhe. UTete ukhulelwa umntwana oza kuthathwa kuye xa ezalwa.

UValmorain unika uViolette umntwana, otshatile okwangoku ku-Captain Étienne Relais. UTete ufumana intuthuzelo nothando kwikhoboka elisandula ukufika kwindawo yokulima, eGambo. Kodwa udlwengulo lwaseTououse luyaqhubeka, ke xa uGambo ebaleka ukujoyina amakhoboka avukelayo, akanakumlandela kuba ukhulelwe kwakhona. Nangona, ngeli xesha bamvumela ukuba ahlale nentombazana, ebizwa ngokuba nguRosette.

Inguqu yamakhoboka kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya

URosette ufumana imfundo yempelesi kwaye uyahlukaniswa noMaurice, nokuba uValmorain akavumi. Emva kokuqhambuka kwekhoboka elikhokelwa nguToussaint Louverture, uGambo ulumkisa isithandwa sakhe uZarite ukuba isityalo saseValmorain siza kutshiswa. Kodwa uyala ukumshiya uMaurice, endaweni yoko ulumkisa umfama waseFrance ngokutshintshela inkululeko yakhe kunye nentombi yakhe.

Intsapho yaseValmorain ihambela ngokupheleleyo eLe Cap, kubandakanya iZarite kunye neRosette. Nje ukuba afakelwe, uTete uqala ukufumana imiyalelo ngokusesikweni kuZacharie, umngcamli wesihlalo sikarhulumente. Kamva, iiValmorain kunyanzelekile ukuba zibuyele ekuthinjweni emva kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe eya kuthi iphele ngokusekwa kweRiphabhlikhi eMnyama yaseHaiti.

New Orleans

ELouisiana, iValmorain iseka isityalo esitsha kwaye iyatshata noHortense Guizot, umfazi okhohlakeleyo nobawayo. Umqeshi omtsha akathathi xesha lide ukungqubana noMaurice, uZarite noRosette, ke ngoko, akathandabuzi ukubaphatha kakubi abakhonzi bakhe abamnyama. Ingxaki enkulu kukuba uTete nentombi yakhe basathathwa njengamakhoboka.

UValmorain akaligcini ilizwi lakhe nangona etyikitye inkululeko yabakhonzi bakhe abamnyama. UMaurice uyayichasa le meko ithoba isidima kwaye uthunyelwa ukuba aye kufunda kwisikolo ekuhlalwa kuso e-Boston, apho ajoyina khona unobangela wokupheliswa. Emva kweminyaka embalwa, uZarite ukwazile ukwenza inkululeko ekudala ilindelwe yakhe kunye nentombi yakhe isebenze ngoncedo lomfundisi.

Ukudibana kwakhona kukaZarite

UTete uphinde wadibana eNew Orleans kunye noViolette noJean Relais, lo ngowokugqibela ngunyana wakhe wokuqala owathathwa nguValmorain. Kwangokunjalo, uqala ukusebenza njengomfazi okhululekileyo kwivenkile yaseViolette (watshata ngelo xesha kuSancho García del Solar). Ukonwaba kukaZarite kuyanda ngakumbi xa kufezekiswa noZacharie. Bobabini bayathandana kwaye ngenxa yolo thando bangenisa intombazana.

Ukubuya kukaMaurice

Ngokukhawuleza xa uMaurice ebuyela eNew Orleans, unxibelelana notata (ogulayo) ngenjongo yakhe yokutshata noRosette. UValmorain uyacaphuka kwaye uyaphikisana nomtshato phakathi kwabantakwabo, njengoko uZarite noZacharie beceba ukwenza umtshato ube nokwenzeka. Kungekudala uRosette wakhulelwa, nangona kunjalo, wavalelwa "ngokuqhwaba umfazi omhlophe" (Hortense Guizot) esidlangalaleni.

Impilo kaRosette iya isiba mandundu entolongweni. Ekugqibeleni ukhululwe enkosi kulamlo lweValmorain ukufa kwaye unomdla wokudibana nonyana wakhe. Okokugqibela, uRosette uyasweleka ebeleka umntwana ogama linguJustin. UMaurice, onentliziyo ebuhlungu, uthatha isigqibo sokujikeleza ihlabathi. Ngaphambi kokuba ahambe, unika unyana wakhe uZarite noZacharie, abajonge kwikamva ngethemba kunye nosapho olutsha.

Isiqithi esiphantsi kolwandle

Uphengululo lwe Ukuhlaziywa kweNcwadi yeNew York Times ubhala inoveli eyonwabisa kakhulu "Ibekwe ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-republic yokuqala emnyama emhlabeni." Olu hlalutyo lukwathetha "ngobunyani obusulungekileyo bomlingo", obuchazwe ngokugqithileyo, umlutha kumfundi. Ukulungiselela le njongo, u-Isabel Allende wasebenzisa umbalisi owazi yonke into phantse ngalo lonke ixesha kumntu wesithathu, enamacandelo omntu ophambili.

Ngenxa yoko, inkcazo engacacanga yokuba umntu ulala nabantu ngobukhoboka ekhutshwe ngumntu ophambili inokubaphazamisa abafundi abanomdla. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izicatshulwa zinde ingokungafanelekanga isicatshulwa kuba asigqithisi kwisiphumo sebali kwaye azinanxaxheba kubunzulu babalinganiswa.

Yi Isiqithi esiphantsi kolwandle kwinoveli yembali?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo ifumana izivakalisi ezilungileyo kunye nabagxeki ngendlela efanayo, imeko eqhelekileyo kuninzi lwemisebenzi kaIsabel Allende. Uphengululo lwe Ijenali yeThala leencwadi (2009) uthetha ngo "… ibali eligcwele izigigaba, abalinganiswa abaqaqambileyo kunye neenkcazo ezityebe kakhulu kunye neenkcukacha ngobomi beCaribbean ngelo xesha". Kwelinye icala, i-portal Ukushwankathela (2020) uyacacisa:

"Ukuba ibali lokwenyani lika-Allende aligqibelelanga kwaye alikho ngqiqweni, ibali lakhe eliyintsomi alilayiswanga kuphela lixesha eligqithileyo, kodwa nangokuchaneka kwezopolitiko, Ukophula umthetho olawulayo wenoveli ekufuneka ubonisiwe kunokuba uxele ”. Ngayiphi na imeko, kwale ndlela iphakathi iyaqukumbela:Isiqithi esiphantsi kolwandle intle, iyahamba kwaye izele yimvakalelo yokwenene yelahleko ”.