Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi kaMiguel Hernández

Kucingelwa ukuba lelinye lawona mazwi aziwayo kwiincwadi zeSpanish zenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, UMiguel Hernández Gilabert (1910 - 1942) wayeyimbongi yaseSpain kunye nomdlali odlalayo ojikeleziswe kwisizukulwana se-36. Nangona kwezinye izingqinisiso lo mbhali wabelwa ukuVeliswa okungama-27 ngenxa yotshintshiselwano lwengqondo awayenalo namalungu alo aliqela, ngakumbi noMaruja Mallo okanye uVicente Aleixandre, ukukhankanya nje ezimbalwa.

Uyakhunjulwa njengomfeli-nkolo owafa phantsi kwengcinezelo ye-Francoism.kuhle wayeneminyaka engama-31 kuphela ukusweleka kwakhe ngenxa yesifo sephepha kwintolongo yaseAlicante. Oku kwenzeka emva kokuba ebanjiwe wagwetyelwa ukufa (kamva isigwebo sakhe satshintshwa saya kwiminyaka engama-30 entolongweni). UHernández wayenobomi obufutshane, kodwa washiya ilifa elikhulu lemisebenzi edumileyo, phakathi kwayo eveleleyo Ingcali yeNyanga, Umbane ongapheliyo y Umoya umlalele.

Ubuntwana, ulutsha kunye nefuthe

UMiguel Hernández wazalelwa e-Orihuela, eSpain, ngo-Oktobha 30, 1910. Wayengowesithathu kubantakwabo abasixhenxe abavela kumanyano phakathi kukaMiguel Hernández Sánchez noConcepción Gilabert. Yayiyintsapho enemali ephantsi ezinikele ekukhuliseni iibhokhwe. Ngenxa yoko, uMiguel waqala esemncinci ukwenza olu rhwebo, kungekho minqweno mikhulu kuqeqesho kwezemfundo kunezifundo zokuqala.

Nangona kunjalo, ukusukela kwiminyaka ye-15 abaselula UHernández uncedise imisebenzi yakhe yokunyamekela umhlambi ngokufunda ngokunyanisekileyo kwabalobi beencwadi zakudala.to -Gabriel Miró, Garcilaso de la Vega, Calderón de la Barca okanye Luis de Góngora, phakathi kwabanye- de waba ngumntu wokwenene ukuzifundisa. Ngeli xesha waqala ukubhala imibongo yakhe yokuqala.

nayo, Wayelilungu leqela eliphucukileyo leendibano zoncwadi lwasekhaya kunye nabantu abadumileyo bengqondo. Phakathi kwabalinganiswa awabelana nabo, uRamón Sijé, uManuel Molina kunye nabazalwana uCarlos no-Efraín Fenol babonakala. Emva kwexesha, eneminyaka engama-20 (ngo-1931) wafumana amabhaso oMbutho wezobuGcisa wase-Orfeón Ilicitano Cula uValencia, Umbongo onemigca eli-138 malunga nabantu nembonakalo yomhlaba yonxweme lwaseLevantine.

Ukuya eMadrid

Uhambo lokuqala

NgoDisemba 31, 1931 waya eMadrid okokuqala ekhangela umboniso omkhulu. Kodwa uHernández akazange awufumane umsebenzi obalulekileyo ngaphandle kwedumela lakhe, izingqinisiso ezilungileyo kunye neengcebiso. Ngenxa yoko, kwafuneka abuyele e-Orihuela emva kweenyanga ezintlanu. Nangona kunjalo, yayilixesha elineziqhamo kakhulu ngokwembono yobugcisa, kuba wadibana ngqo nomsebenzi weSizukulwana se-27.

Ngokufanayo, ukuhlala kwakhe eMadrid kwamnika ithiyori kunye nenkuthazo eyimfuneko ukuba abhale Ingcali yeNyanga, incwadi yakhe yokuqala, eyapapashwa ngo-1933. Kwakuloo nyaka wabuyela kwikomkhulu laseSpain xa wonyulwa ukuba asebenzisane naye - kamva waba ngunobhala nomhleli-kwiPedagogical Missions, phantsi kokhuseleko lukaJosé María Cossío. Kwangokunjalo, wayehlala enegalelo kwiRevista de Occidente. Apho wagqiba imidlalo yakhe Ngubani okubonileyo kwaye okubonayo nesithunzi sento obuyiyo (1933) Umlobi wenkunzi okhaliphileyo (1934) kunye Abantwana bamatye (1935).

Uhambo lwesibini

Ukuhlala kwakhe okwesibini eMadrid kwamfumana uHernández kubudlelwane nomzobi uMaruja Mallo. Nguye owamqhubela ukuba abhale uninzi lweeonethi ze Umbane ongapheliyo (1936).

Imbongi yaba zizihlobo noVicente Aleixandre kunye noPablo Neruda, kunye nale yokugqibela yamisela ubuhlobo obunzulu. Ngombhali waseChile waseka eli phephancwadi Ihashe eliluhlaza leSibongo Kwaye ndaqala ukuxhomekeka kwimibono kaMarxist. Emva koko, impembelelo kaNeruda kuHernández yayibonakala ngokuhamba kwakhe ngokufutshane, kunye nemiyalezo yakhe ethe gqolo ukuzibophelela kwiingxaki zentlalo nezopolitiko zala maxesha.

URamón Sijé wasweleka ngo-1935, ukusweleka komhlobo wakhe osenyongweni wakhuthaza uMiguel Hernández ukuba adale ibali lakhe I-Elegy. USijé (ogama lakhe lokwenyani lalinguJosé Marín Gutiérrez), wamazisa ukuba ngubani oza kuba Umfazi wakhe, uJosefina Manresa. Wayeyimyuziyam kwimibongo yakhe, kunye nomama wabantwana bakhe ababini: UManuel Ramón (1937 - 1938) kunye noManuel Miguel (1939 - 1984).

Imfazwe yamakhaya, ukuvalelwa entolongweni kunye nokufa

NgoJulayi 1936 kwaqhambuka iMfazwe Yamakhaya yaseSpain. Emva kokuqala kwemfazwe, uMiguel Hernández ngokuzithandela wangena emkhosini weRiphabhlikhi kwaye waqalisa ubutshantliziyo bezopolitiko obabudityaniswe neQela lamaKomanisi waseSpain (isizathu sesigwebo sakhe sokufa emva koko). Kwakuyixesha apho iincwadi zesihobe zaqala okanye zagqitywa Umoya waselalini (1937) Umntu uyabetha (Ngo-1937 ukuya ku-1938), Incwadi yeeNgoma kunye neebhaladi zokungabikho (1938 - 1941) kunye Iinanasi zetswele (1939).

Ukongeza, wayivelisa imidlalo Umlimi onomoya ngakumbi y Ithiyetha emfazweni (bobabini ukusukela ngo-1937). Ngexesha lemfazwe, wayethatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe yaseTeruel naseJaen. Wayekwayinxalenye ye-II yeHlabathi yaBabhali yoKhuselo lweNkcubeko eMadrid kwaye waya eSoviet Union ngokufutshane kurhulumente weRiphabhlikhi.

Ekupheleni kwemfazwe ngo-Epreli 1939, uMiguel Hernández wabuyela e-Orihuela. Wabanjwa ezama ukuwela umda ungene ePortugal eHuelva. Wayehamba ngeentolongo ezahlukeneyo de Usweleke entolongweni eAlicante nge-28 kaMatshi ngo-1942, ixhoba le-bronchitis elakhokelela kwi-typhus kwaye, ekugqibeleni, isifo sephepha.

Amagama kaNeruda emva kokubhubha kukaMiguel Hernández

I-nexus eyenziwe ngu-Pablo Neruda kunye noMiguel Hernández yayisondele kakhulu. Bobabini bafikelele kuqikelelo kungekho nto ilingane nexesha ababelane ngalo. Kunokuthiwa ngaphandle kwe-equivocation ukuba uthando lwabo lwalunongwe ngendlela bobabini abakwaziyo ukungena kwigama. Emva kokufa imbongi Neruda waziva buhlungu. Phakathi kwezinto ebhalwe yathethwa ngumlobi waseChile malunga noHernández, oku kuyabonakala:

«Ukukhumbula uMiguel Hernández owanyamalala ebumnyameni nokumkhumbula ngokugqibeleleyo kungumsebenzi waseSpain, uxanduva lothando. Zimbalwa iimbongi ezinesisa nezikhanyayo njengenkwenkwana evela e-Orihuela enomfanekiso wabo oya kuthi ngenye imini uphakame phakathi kweentyatyambo zeorenji kwilizwe lakhe lokulala. UMiguel wayengenaso isibane se-zenith sase Mzantsi njengeembongi ezi-rectalinear zaseAndalusia, kodwa endaweni yoko kukukhanya komhlaba, intsasa enamatye, ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo kobusi okuvukayo. Ngalo mbandela unzima njengegolide, uphila njengegazi, watsala umbongo wakhe ongapheliyo. Kwaye le ndoda yayiyiloo mzuzu waseSpain wagxothwa emthunzini! Lixesha lethu ngoku kwaye sihlala simkhupha kwintolongo yakhe yasemhlabeni, simkhanyisela ngesibindi nokufela kwakhe ukholo, simfundise njengomzekelo wentliziyo esulungekileyo! Yinike ukukhanya! Mnike imivumbo yenkumbulo, kunye neencakuba zokucaca ezimtyhilayo, ingelosi enkulu yozuko lomhlaba owawa ebusuku exhobile ngekrele lokukhanya! ».

Pablo Neruda

Imibongo kaMiguel Hernández

Ngokwexesha, umsebenzi wakhe uhambelana nento ebizwa ngokuba "sisizukulwana sama-36". Nangona kunjalo, UDámaso Alonso ubhekise kuMiguel Hernández njenge "epigone enkulu" "yesizukulwana sama-27". Oku kungenxa yokuvela okumangalisayo kweempapasho zayo, ukusuka kutyekelo lwamaKatolika lwesandla sikaRamón Sijé kwi Ingxaki yeQuku ngokubhekisele kwimibono engakumbi yotshintsho kunye nokubhala kusongelwe yimpembelelo kaPablo Neruda.

U-Miguel Hernández uchazwa ziingcali zoncwadi njengoyena mntu ubalaseleyo "kwimibongo yemfazwe". Nazi ezinye zeenkondlo zakhe eziphawulekayo (ngokwe-ejensi ye-Europa Press, ngo-2018):

Imimoya yelali indithwele

«Ukuba ndiyafa, mandife

ngentloko ephezulu kakhulu.

Ukufa kwaye amaxesha angamashumi amabini efile,

umlomo ngokuchasene nengca,

Ndiza kube ndiqinise amazinyo

kwaye ndamisela iindevu.

Ukucula ndilindele ukufa,

ukuba kukho iingcinga zasebusuku eziculayo

ngaphezulu kwemipu

naphakathi edabini.

Umbane ongapheliyo

«Awuyi kuyeka le ray ehlala kum

Intliziyo yezilwanyana ezinomsindo

kunye neengqumbo ezinomsindo kunye neengcibi

iphi na intsimbi ebanda kakhulu?

Ngaba le stalactite inenkani ayiyi kuyeka

ukuhlakulela iinwele zabo ezinzima

njengamakrele nemililo eqinileyo

ngokubhekisele entliziyweni yam ukuba uyalila uyangxola?

Izandla

«Iindidi ezimbini zezandla zijongane ebomini,

ihluma iphuma entliziyweni, yagqabhuka ngeengalo,

ziyaxhuma, kwaye ziqukuqela ekukhanyeni okwenzakeleyo

ngemivumbo, neenzipho.

Isandla sisixhobo somphefumlo, umyalezo waso,

kwaye umzimba unamasebe awo okulwa kuwo.

Phakamisa, wave izandla zakho ngokudumba okukhulu,

amadoda embewu yam ».

Caphulelwa nguMiguel Hernández.

Abasebenzi bemini

«Abasebenzi bemini abaye bahlawula phambili

iintlungu, imisebenzi kunye nemali.

Ukuthobela kunye nokuziphatha okuphezulu kwemizimba:

Abasebenzi bemini.

AbaseSpain abaphumeleleyo eSpain

Ndikrola phakathi kweemvula naphakathi kwelanga.

I-Rabadanes yendlala kunye nokulima:

Abantu baseSpain.

Le Spain ayizange yanelise

ukutshabalalisa intyatyambo yokhula,

ukusuka kwesinye isivuno ukuya kwesinye:

le Spain ».

Iimfazwe ezibuhlungu

«Iimfazwe ezibuhlungu

ukuba inkampani ayilo thando.

Kubuhlungu, kubi.

Izixhobo ezilusizi

ukuba ayingamagama.

Kubuhlungu, kubi.

Amadoda alusizi

ukuba abafanga luthando.

Kubuhlungu, kubi.

Ndikhwaza ulutsha

«Igazi elingaphumiyo,

ulutsha olungoyikiyo,

ayilogazi, ayibobutsha,

azibengezeli okanye zidubule.

Imizimba ezelwe yoyisiwe,

woyisiwe kwaye zingwevu ziyafa:

iza nobudala benkulungwane,

kwaye badala ngokufika kwabo.

Incwadi yeeNgoma kunye neebhaladi zokungabikho

«Ezitratweni ndiyahamba

into endiyiqokelelayo:

iziqwenga zobomi bam

zivela kude

Ndinamaphiko kwintlungu

ukukhasa ndiyazibona

embundwini, esefama

Ilitha lokuzalwa »

Ingoma yokugqibela

«Ipeyintwe, ayinanto:

kupeyintiwe yindlu yam

umbala wezona zikhulu

iinkanuko namashwa.

Uya kubuya ekhala

isiwe phi

netafile yakhe eshiyiweyo,

ngebhedi yakhe eyonakeleyo.

Ukwanga kuya kutyatyamba

kwimiqamelo.

Kwaye ujikeleze imizimba

liza kunyusa iphepha

i-creeper yayo enzulu

ebusuku, kunuka kamnandi.

Inzondo ayifakwanga

emva kwefestile.

Iya kuba yinzipho ethambileyo.

Ndinike ithemba.