Uhambo oluya kwiZiko loMhlaba.
Kunye nokoyikeka nokuthandana, iincwadi zamabali ezesayensi ziphakathi kwezona zidumileyo. Uluvo lokuba imvelaphi yayo ibisusela kwiminyaka ye-1920 ithathwa njengesemthethweni, ngakumbi ngonyaka we-1926, xa iphephancwadi laqala ukupapashwa. Iindaba ezimangalisayo. Ngelixa ibikokokuqala ukuba yesayensi, abaninzi babesele bengenile kwezi hlabathi.
Ixesha ngokwalo lingumxholo wempikiswano enkulu kunye nokudideka kunye nokungaqondi. Ukuqala kuba ithambeka okanye into engezantsi yentsomi. Oko kukuthi, amabali "ayintsomi" athi, ngendlela esebenzayo, asebenze ngendlela efanayo neencwadi zamabali othando okanye iidrama zosapho.
Inzululwazi okanye intsomi?
Kwizithethi zaseSpain, umsebenzi wokuchaza olu ncwadi kunye nokumisela imida unento eyongezelelweyo. Abanye bacinga ukuba "intsomi yesayensi" yinguqulelo ethe ngqo kakhulu nengachanekanga yesayensi. Ukuba into echanekileyo "yintsomi yesayensi." Amagama amaninzi, amagama ambalwa: imalunga nokuthelekelela izihloko ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ukubambelela kubungqongqo obuthile besayensi.
Yiyo kanye le mbono yokugqibela-yobungqongqo besayensi-eyenza ukuba kube lula ukwahlula olu hlobo loncwadi kwinto emnandi. Intsomi yesayensi- okanye intsomi, njengoko ukhetha-kufuneka ulandele kwaye umisele iingcinga. Ukuqikelela kunye nokumangalisa, kodwa kungenakushukunyiswa. Uncwadi olulindelweyo kunye noqikelelo oluqikelelweyo zezinye zezihloko ezisetyenziswe kolu hlobo ngaphambi kokuba yonke into idityaniswe phantsi kwesambrela esinye.
Ukuma kwakhona, okokuqala kwiinto zonke
Ababalisi beendaba zesayensi ababhengezi ngaphakathi kwizicatshulwa zabo ukuba babalisa ibali eliyinyani lezenzululwazi. Nangona banokulumkisa-kumntu wokuqala, bethetha nabafundi ngokungqalileyo okanye ngomlinganiswa- ukuba ezi zizinto "ezingakholelekiyo" kwaye nokuba "ziyamangalisa", banyanzelisa umbono wokuba into exeliweyo iyinyani.
Ngenxa yoku baxhomekeke kwicandelo esele liphawuliwe ngengqondo yesayensi. Bakha imigaqo ecacileyo malunga nendlela izinto ezisebenza ngayo kwaye banamathele kuzo. Oku kuvumela ukuba baseke isivumelwano sokunxibelelana nabafundi.
Inzululwazi, phambi kwentsomi
Kudala ngaphambi kweshumi leminyaka lesibini lenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, amabali esayensi ayebalasele. Into ebengekho yayingumbono. Amagama anjengoEdgar Allan Poe okanye uTomás Moro angaqukwa koko kwaziwa ngokuba yi "Proto science fiction". Uluhlu olubandakanya ababhali abanjengoSir Arthur Conan Doyle, uCharles Dickens okanye uJohannes Kepler.
Kwaye nangona kungekho kungafaniyo kwezimvo ukukhupha inkcazo yokuba yintoni inzululwazi, okanye eyona mvelaphi yayo, kuyacaca ukuba yayiyintoni na. isihloko esahlule imbali yoluhlobo kubini. Yi le Frankenstein o I-Prometheus yanamhlanje NguMary Shelley.
Ummangaliso kukuba, kwiminyaka yakutshanje - ngohlobo oluvelayo - eli rhamncwa liphulukene nodumo kwi "Sci Fi". (Nangona ihlala iyintsomi ebalulekileyo). Kwabaninzi libali eloyikisayo kwaye akukho nto iyenye. Nangona ikubonisa ngokugqibeleleyo ukubaluleka kwala mabali ukuseka nokuthobela ubungqongqo babo besayensi.
Imalunga nantoni le yenzululwazi
Iirobhothi, abaphambukeli okanye uhambo lwangaphakathi. Iintsomi zeSayensi azihlali zikhwankqisa. Ibandakanya ukuphononongwa kwendalo. Umzekelo woku UtopianguTomás Moro. Isicatshulwa esapapashwa ngo-1516 apho umfundi wezakwalizwi waseNgilani athelekelela uluntu olulawulwa ziimfundiso zobulumko zehlabathi lamandulo naphantsi kobuKristu
Umxholo wokufezekisa umhlaba phakathi kokulungileyo nokungonakaliyo ubukho kwiingxelo ezingenathemba kunye nezimnyama. Enye yezona zaziwa kakhulu yile Iwotshi yewotshi ngu-Anthony Burgess (1962). Iirobhothi zithathe inxaxheba kolu hlobo lokuphononongwa kwezentlalo (intelekelelo). Ngaba i-Androids iphupha lezimvu zombane? nguPhilp K. Dick (1968) ngomnye umzekelo olungileyo.
Uchronias, idyopopias
Elinye icandelo elincinane lolu hlobo loncwadi luchrony. Olu luhlobo lwe "Enye imbali", iphonononga ukuba kungenzeka ezinye iziganeko zembali eziphawule ikhosi yobuntu Ngebabe nesisombululo esahlukileyo. Owona mzekelo mhle wazalwa ngokutsha ngepeni kaDick. Imalunga ne Indoda ekwinqaba. Incwadana apho amaqabane ahlulwa khona kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, eyavumela amaJamani kunye namaJapan ukuba ahlule imimandla yase-United States.
Ikamva le-dystopi lolunye uluvo oluphindaphindiweyo. Kwakhona ukukhangelwa koluntu olugqibeleleyo kuphelela ekunikezeleni ngokuchaseneyo. Esi sihloko sithile sasithandwa kakhulu kumashumi amabini eminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Imidlalo yokulamba nguSuzanne Collins (2008) kunye Ulwahlulo UVeronica Roth (2011) yimizekelo emibini yoku. Nangona ii-dystopias aziyonto intsha. 1984 nguGeorge Orwell (1949) kunye Fahrenheit 451 URay Bradbury's (1953) zizinto zakudala eziyinyani.
Ukuhamba ngexesha
Ukukhangela okungonelisekiyo koluntu, okufumene indawo ethile ye-placebo kuncwadi lweentsomi. Umbono uphononongwe ngokupheleleyo kutshanje kuthotho lweTV yaseJamani mnyama, eveliswe yiNetflix. Into abangayaziyo abaninzi kukuba umatshini wokuqala ukuhamba ngexesha weza ubumbekile ngeSpanish.
Yayingumbhali waseMadrid uEnrique Gaspar "owayenelungelo elilodwa lomenzi" esinye sezixhobo phambi kwakhe nabani na ongomnye. Ngaba ikwenzile kwinoveli I-anachronópete, Yapapashwa ngo-1887. Isicatshulwa esingaziwa luluntu ngokubanzi nesingakhange samkelwe ngeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba lo mbhali wasinda ngcono yimidlalo yakhe kunye neezzuu.
Iinoveli ezintlanu eziyimfuneko zentsomi
Loluphi uphicotho. Khetha iinoveli ezintlanu eziyintsomi uze uzinike igama elithi "kubalulekile." Ngokwenyani, akukho ndawo yangaphezulu. Ngesi sizathu, ngendlela engenakuphikiswa ngokupheleleyo - kwaye kusetyenziswa kuphela ukhetho lwoncwadi (kunye noko kufundiweyo) - uluhlu lwezihloko ezintlanu "ezibalaseleyo" ngaphakathi kweencwadi zamabali ezicetywayo.
Uhambo oluya kwiZiko loMhlabaNguJules Verne
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Uhambo oluya kwiZiko loMhlaba
Kukho ababhali abafuna ukuzinikezela ngokukodwa. Izinto ezenzelwe bona kuphela. Jules Verne kolo didi. Ukukhetha ibali elinye kwikhathalogu yakho sele kubonakala kuyingozi. Oko kuthetha ukushiya uninzi lweklasikhi. Kodwa siza kuma siqinile ngaphakathi kobungqongqo bethu besayensi.
Isihloko sashicilelwa ngo-Novemba ngo-1864, iminyaka eliqela ngaphambi kokuba igama lobunzululwazi libe nelungelo elilodwa lomenzi. I-adventure yangaphakathi esebenzele abantu abathandayo, ngendlela yomdlalo, kodwa nzulu kakhulu, Beka iingcinga malunga nezinto ezifihlakeleyo phantsi kweendlela zetectonic.
Ixesha loMatshiningu-HG Wells
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Ixesha loMatshini
Omnye umbhali obalulekileyo xa ethetha ngenzululwazi. Ngaphaya koko igalelo labo labonakala kudala ngaphambi kokubekwa emgangathweni kwale ngcamango. Kwaye nangona u-Enrique Gaspar ethathelwa ingqalelo njengowokuqala ukufaka umatshini wokuhamba ngexesha kumabali akhe, akukho nanye kwezi zinto zobugcisa ebalaseleyo kunaleyo UHerbert George Wells.
Ixesha loMatshini.
I-adventure ephakanyiswe ngumbhali waseLondon kwaye yapapashwa ngo-1885, inokuphoxisa abafundi abaninzi besizukulwana esitsha. Akukho ziphazamiso zokwexeshana. Kukucingela kuphela imeko yokuziphatha malunga nokuba uluntu luyakuba njani ukuba lunokulindela ngokwasemzimbeni iziganeko eziza kubakho.
IYankee kwiNkundla yaseKing ArthurNguMark Twain
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: IYankee kwiNkundla yaseKing Arthur
Kusenjalo kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, yapapashwa kwiminyaka nje emine emva koko Umatshini wexesha Wells. Elinye ibali elahlukile kwimibono yeminyaka eliwaka malunga nokuhamba kwexesha kunye nentlekele eyintlekele.
IYankee kwiNkundla kaKumkani Arthur.
Yinto ethandabuzekayo ecacisa ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba indoda yanamhlanje izifake kwinkundla kaKumkani Arthur. Embindini wamaXesha Aphakathi kunye kunye namanye amaqonga etafile ezijikelezileyo. Kongezwe ukuba lo mlinganiswa uhamba ngokungaqondakaliyo uhamba ngexesha, yingcali kwimipu.
Fahrenheit 451nguRay Bradbury
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Fahrenheit 451
Uluntu ekuvinjelwe kulo iincwadi. Oku kubonakala ngathi liphupha labalawuli abaninzi bobuFascist kunye nabalawuli. Kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Ikwangumbambano owakhelwe kuwo Fahrenheit 451 nguRay Bradbury.
I-Fahrenheit 451.
Yapapashwa ngo-1953, umbhali waseMelika ngokwakhe wavuma ukuba wabhala eli bali exhalabile malunga nefuthe le-McCarthy Era. Impikiswano kunye nenkxalabo yokuba, nokuba ingabonakala ngathi yintsomi, isasebenza namhlanje.
Imidlalo yokulambanguSuzanne Collins
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Imidlalo yokulamba
Uninzi lwe Best Sellers oshiye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX babekiwe amabala. Kwabaninzi, yimisebenzi nje emincinci. Ukulunga kwayo, ukongeza ekuthengiseni izigidi zeekopi, kuyehla kuyonwabisa. Umbuzo ohlala uvela emva kwezi ntlobo zeengxelo: ngaba ikhona into engalunganga ngokuzonwabisa kwabafundi?
Ngapha koko, I-trilogy kaCollins, isahluko sayo sokuqala sangena kwiivenkile ezithengisa iincwadi ngo-2008, beza kuphefumla ubomi obutsha kungekuphela koncwadi lobuxoki.. Kwakhona "ukuvuthwa" amabali ezothando ezingenakwenzeka phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo. Oku kwaqala ngo-Edward Cullen kunye noBella Swan kwi NgokuhlwaNgu-Stephenie Meyer (2005). Ubudlelwane ekungekho mntu ubuthathe nzulu ngaphambi kokuvela kukaKatniss Everdeen kunye noPeeta Mellark.