UBram Stoker waziwa kwihlabathi jikelele ngeDracula, inoveli eyamenza waduma kakhulu. Kodwa inyaniso kukuba zininzi iincwadi zikaBram Stoker. Xa siqwalasela ukuba wabhala ngaphezu kwama-400, alithandabuzeki elokuba kumele kubekho amanye amatye anqabileyo afihliweyo phakathi kwezo ncwadi.
Ngesi sizathu, namhlanje sifuna ukuthetha nawe malunga nezo iincwadi ezibhalwe ngumbhali, into eziyiyo kunye nezo zibizwa ngokuba zezona zigqwesileyo. Ngaba ukhe wafunda enye into nguBram Stoker ngaphandle kweDracula? Mhlawumbi wothuswa koko ukufumene kusiba lwakhe.
Wayengubani uBram Stoker
Umthombo: Eitmedia
Okokuqala, masikubeke emxholweni. Kwaye oko kwenzeka ukwazi ukuba yayingubani UAbraham 'Bram' Stoker. Wazalwa ngo-1847 (waze wasweleka ngo-1912), wayengomnye wababhali beenoveli baziwayo base-Ireland ehlabathini, ingakumbi inoveli yakhe ethi Dracula (yapapashwa ngo-1897). Kodwa ayinguye yedwa obhaleyo.
UBram Stoker wayenguye Unyana wesithathu ka-Abraham Stoker kunye noCharlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley. Wayenabantakwabo abathandathu kwaye usapho lwakhe lwalusebenza nzima, i-bourgeois kunye nobutyebi obusekelwe kwiincwadi kunye nenkcubeko.
UBram akazange abe nobuntwana obuqhelekileyo ngenxa yempilo yakhe enkenenkene. Loo nto yandenza ndanyanzeleka ukufunda ekhaya nootitshala babucala ngelixa bechitha iintsuku, iiveki okanye iinyanga ebhedini ngenxa yezigulo. Unina, ngaloo maxesha, wamxelela amabali eemfihlakalo, iziporho, njl. awayibonakalisayo ngokwakhe ngemisebenzi yakhe.
Kwiminyaka esixhenxe, wakwazi ukuchacha ngokupheleleyo kwaye abe nempilo yentsimbi. Oku kwamvumela ngena kwikholeji yetrinity apho wafumana iwonga kwizibalo nakwinzululwazi. Wayeyintshatsheli kwezemidlalo kunye nomongameli wePhilosophical Society. Kwaye ukongeza isithuko kukwenzakala, naye wasebenza ngelixa efunda. Wenza kwiNqaba yaseDublin njengegosa nangona kwaziwa ukuba uyise wayesebenza apho njengegosa eliphezulu (ngoko wayeza kuba nento yeplagi). Kodwa wayekwangumgxeki wethiyetha (kwiDublin Evening Mail) okanye umgxeki wezobugcisa kushicilelo lwesiNgesi nesiIrish.
Umsebenzi wakhe wawungowoMthetho, evumela abachasi ukuba bakwazi ukusebenza njengegqwetha eNgilani (ngokukodwa eLondon, apho wafudukela khona nomfazi wakhe, uFlorence Balcombe, owayesakuba yintombi ka-Oscar Wilde). Isiqhamo sothando lwabo sazalwa ngu-Irving Noel.
Kwinqanaba loncwadi, uBram Stoker wayengumbhali olungileyo kuba ngexesha lakhe lokuphumla wabhala amabali, iinoveli, njl. Eyokuqala, eyoyikekayo, yapapashwa kwiphephancwadi iLondon Society neShamrock. Wayekwangumbhali weMisebenzi yooMabhalana bePetty Sessions eIreland, eyapapashwa ngo-1879 kwaye yasetyenziswa njengereferensi ixesha elide, elide.
Njengomhlalutyi weqonga, wafumana nexesha lokubhala amabali akhe. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, uphononongo oluhle lwentsebenzo kaHenry Irving njengoko iHamlet yakhokelela ekubeni u-Irving anikwe umsebenzi njengonobhala wabucala kunye nomphathi weLyceum Theatre., into awayamkelayo. Kwaye ngelixa esebenza naye wayengumgxeki woncwadi kwiDaily Telegraph. Kwaye yintoni ebaluleke ngakumbi: wabhala iDracula (ukongeza kwezinye iinoveli).
Iincwadi eziBalaseleyo zeBram Stoker
Umthombo: Centrobotin
Ukukuxelela ngazo zonke iinoveli kunye namabali (ingakumbi amva) kaBram Stoker akunakuphela. Kwaye wabhala amakhulu namakhulu abo. Kuthiwa kunokubakho amabali angaphezu kwama-400 adalwe nguye (phakathi kweenoveli kunye namabali amafutshane). Yinyani loo nto eyona nto yaziwa kakhulu yile kaDracula, kodwa inyaniso kukuba zininzi ezinye iinoveli zalo mbhali ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu lokuthengisa kakhulu, kwaye zide zigqithe.
Ngesi sizathu, kwesi sihlandlo, sifuna ukwenza uqulunqo lwezona ncwadi zingcono zikaBram Stoker. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba luluhlu kuphela lwezinye zazo, ngoko inokuthi okanye ingahambelani nezo uthanda kakhulu.
Igugu leenkwenkwezi ezisixhenxe
Sizifumana sinenoveli epapashwe kwiminyaka eliqela emva kweDracula apho, kumntu wokuqala, i ibali lomfana owayehlobene nomembi wezinto zakudala owayenenjongo yokuvuselela uKumkanikazi uTera, umama waseYiputa.
Ibali liqala ngomnxeba ezinzulwini zobusuku kunye nentlanganiso engalindelekanga kwikhaya le-Egyptologist uAbel Trelawny, ofunyenwe engekho zingqondweni kwaye enegazi kwigumbi lakhe.
iPass yeNyoka
Lo ngowona msebenzi ubalulekileyo weBram Stoker, owapapashwa iminyaka esi-7 ngaphambi kweDracula. Kuyo kukho a imbali enxulumene nembali yaseYurophu kunye neBalkan kodwa, ngaloo ndlela, ukuba kwakubonakala kuyinyani ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye kukuba wasebenzisa iileta, iingcaphuno, iiblogi, amangeno edayari, ii-clipping clippings ... Zonke zibubuxoki ngokupheleleyo kodwa oko kwamnika loo nyaniso ukuba umbhali ufuna.
indlu yomgwebi
Uyakhumbula ukuba umama kaBram Stoker wayedla ngokumbalisela amabali emimoya xa wayemncinci kwaye egula? Ewe, le noveli imalunga neziporho. Kuyo siza kudibana nomfana ofika edolophini eze kufundela iimviwo.
gqiba ukuhlala kwindlu yejaji, ekuthiwa yafa ngokuxhonywa. Yaye kubusuku bokuqala, ufumanisa ukuba impuku enkulu ayiwasusi amehlo ayo kuye.
Emva kobusuku obuninzi, uqala ukuqonda isizathu seenkolelo zedolophu, kodwa ufumana enye into.
Umthombo: Fumana iindawo ezinomdla
Umngxuma wombungu omhlophe
Sicebisa le ncwadi kuwe kuba ibiyileyo Yapapashwa kunyaka phambi kokubhubha kukaBram Stoker. Kuyo uya kudibana noAdam Salton, indoda efumana isicelo sikayisekazi omkhulu ukuba aphinde aqalise ubudlelwane kuba uAdam kuphela kwelungu lentsapho eliphilayo (ngaphandle kwaloo ndoda endala). Ngoko uya eSouthampton ukuya kumhlangabeza.
Uyisemkhulu ufuna ukumenza indlalifa kwilifa lakhe, kodwa okwenzeka emva koko kusenokungabi yile nto ebeyilindele.
Iingcango zoBomi (ekwapapashwa njengeNdoda)
Ubungalindelanga ukuba uBram Stoker abhale inoveli yothando? Wenza kakuhle. Kuyo usazisa ukuba UStephen Norman, inkosi yendoda yaseNormanstead. Emva kokuba etshate noMargaret, udade wabo omncinane womhlobo wakhe, kungekudala uba ngumhlolokazi xa esifa emva kokuzala intombi.
Ezimisele ukuba yindlalifa, umbiza ngokuba nguStephen aze amkhulise njengenkwenkwana.
Kukho iincwadi ezininzi zeBram Stoker ezifanele ukufundwa. Ke sicebisa ukuba ukuba ufunde nayiphi na into ocinga ukuba ifanele ukucetyiswa, yishiye kwizimvo ukuze abanye babe neenketho ezininzi.