Iimpawu zesicatshulwa esibalisayo

Izicatshulwa ezibalisayo luhlobo lonxibelelwano olukhoyo kwindawo yonke kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu. Enkosi kubo, abantu banokubalisa ulandelelwano lweziganeko ezibandakanya umntu omnye okanye ngaphezulu, izinto, izilwanyana, iindawo okanye izinto. Ngokunjalo, kuyo yonke inkcazo ukuba ulandelelwano lwezenzo kufuneka lukhokelele kwisiphumo.

Ngoko ke, Isicatshulwa esibalisayo sinokuchazwa njengomelo olubhaliweyo lwebali —nokuba yinyani okanye yintsomi— yakhiwe ngexesha elithile lesithuba. Phambi kokuvela kwetekhnoloji eza kunye nedijithali, le ndlela yokubonakalisa imizobo yayingaphakathi ephepheni. Namhlanje, ukubaliswa kwamabali kwizixhobo zombane kuyinto yemihla ngemihla.

Izixhobo

Isicatshulwa ngasinye esibalisayo sineenxalenye kunye nesakhiwo esingenakwenzeka ukuba singahoywa. Ngoku, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba la macandelo awahlulwanga ngokucacileyo kwimibhalo emifutshane. Injalo ke imeko yamabali, amabali amafutshane, iindaba kunye namanqaku eentatheli.

Iinxalenye

Intshayelelo

Licandelo apho umbhali udandalazisa imeko aza kuyichaza okanye aza kuyiphuhlisa nabalinganiswa kunye nendawo yeziganeko. Ke ngoko, ngeli xesha kubalulekile ukuvelisa umdla kumfundi ukuze enze uthethathethwano. Kuphela ngale ndlela kunokwenzeka ukugcina ingqalelo yomamkeli de kube ngumgca wokugqibela wesicatshulwa.

Ndihamba

Yinto ebizwa ngokuba yincopho yexesha lengxelo. Ngaphaya, Umbalisi uhlala ebeka umbono okanye impixano ngokungqinelana (okunyanzelekileyo) kunye nemigca yeploti echazwe kwintshayelelo.. Lo mbhodamo uqulathe isiganeko esibaluleke kakhulu esinika intsingiselo kwibali lonke. Ukongeza, kuyafaneleka ukuqikelela ukuba iziganeko zilandela ulandelelwano lomgca okanye ukutshintshwa kwamaxesha.

Iziphumo

Licandelo ukuba ibali liyaphela kwaye, ke ngoko, imisela ukuba yeyiphi imvakalelo (impumelelo, ukusilela, inzondo, ukuncoma...) eya kuhlala isengqondweni yomfundi. Kweminye imibhalo—njengeenoveli zabacuphi okanye amabali othusayo, umzekelo— iselula yabalinganiswa ababandakanyekayo ityhilwa kuphela kwisiphumo. Ngale ndlela, ukuxinana kunye nokuthandabuza kuqhubeka kude kube sekupheleni.

Ulwakhiwo

• Ubume bangaphandle: ichaphazela intlangano ebonakalayo yokubhala, oko kukuthi, ukuba ixhobile kwizahluko, amacandelo, ulandelelwano, amangenelo...
• Ubume bangaphakathi: ibandakanya ezo zinto zikhethekileyo zolandelelwano lweziganeko eziveziweyo kwisicatshulwa: umbalisi (kunye ne-protagonist ehambelanayo okanye ithoni yolwazi kunye nombono), indawo kunye nexesha.

Iindidi zezicatshulwa ezibalisayo kunye neempawu zazo

Ibali

• ulwakhiwo olujingisiweyo, apho iziganeko zichazwa ngokufutshane ngumbalisi;
• Kukho i ingxabano ye-neuralgic (phakathi) eyi kuthethwa ngaphandle kokuchitha ixesha elininzi ekucaciseni umxholo;
• Ibandakanya abalinganiswa abambalwa;
• Izenzo eziphathekayo zikhokelela kwisiphumo esifanayo;
• Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho ndlela yokutolika ngendlela engaqondakaliyo ekuqukumbeleni okanye kwiziphelo ezivulekileyo (esokugqibela sisixhobo esingafane sisetyenziswe ebalini).

ababalisi abakhulu

• Anton Chekhov (1860 - 1904);
• UVirginia Woolf (1882-1941);
• UErnest Hemingway (1899-1961);
• UJorge Luis Borges (1899 - 1986). Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukubandakanya umbhali waseArgentina phakathi kweenkosi zebali elifutshane.

Ibali elifutshane

• Ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwegama ngalinye, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphuhliseni izivakalisi ezimfutshane nezingahombisiyo;
• Ukujiyaniswa komxholo omnye;
• injongo yokucamngca okanye yokujonga phambili;
• Ubukho bentsingiselo enzulu okanye “umxholwana”.

Iinkosi ezinkulu zebali elifutshane

• Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849);
• UFranz Kafka (1883-1924);
• UJohn Cheever (1912-1982);
• UJulio Cortazar (1914 – 1984);
• URaymond Carver (1938-1988);
• UTobias Wolff (1945 –).

Inoveli

• Ingxelo eyintsomi yolwandiso oludla ngokuba lude (ukusuka kumashumi amane amawaka amagama) kunye neploti entsonkothileyo;
• kulo lonke uphuhliso kukho indawo yoluhlu olubanzi lwabalinganiswa —ngembali yabo ngabanye—kunye nezenzo ezahlukeneyo ezithungelanayo;
• Iinoveli ezinempembelelo enkulu yokuhlela bakholisa ukuba namagama aphakathi kwamawaka angamashumi amathandathu namakhulu amabini amawaka;
• Ngenxa yomthamo wayo ongenakulinganiselwa, umbhali unenkululeko eninzi yokuyila. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, le noveli lolona didi loncwadi luthandwayo kubabhali abaninzi, nangona intsonkothile ifuna ukucaciswa kwayo.

Iinoveli ezintathu ezithengiswa kakhulu kwixesha lonke

• UDon Quijote waseLa Mancha (1605), nguMiguel de Cervantes; ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seebhiliyoni zeekopi ezithengisiweyo;
• Ibali lezixeko ezibini (1859), nguCharles Dickens; ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini eencwadi ezithengisiweyo;
• INkosi yamasongo (1954), nguJ. R. R. Tolkien; ingaphezulu kwekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu ezigidi zeekopi ezithengisiweyo.
  

  UMiguel de Cervantes.

izicatshulwa zedrama

• Iingxelo icingelwe ukuba imelwe kwiziqwenga zethiyetha;
• Ngokusisiseko zizicatshulwa eziyilwe ziingxoxo ibonakaliswe ngaphakathi kwendawo echazwe kakuhle kunye nexesha;
• Ngokuqhelekileyo umfanekiso wombalisi uchithwa;
• Banika inkululeko eninzi yokuyila kumbhali wemidlalo yeqonga, ekubeni zinokubhalwa njengeprozi okanye kwindinyana (kunokwenzeka ukuba zidibanise zombini).

Isincoko soncwadi

• Ingxelo yezizathu ngenjongo yokucamngca kwaye ibhalwe ngendlela yeprozi;
• Izimvo ezixhaswayo:
• Ngokuqhelekileyo umbhali usebenzisa eyahlukileyo amanani oncwadi njengaye Isikweko okanye isikweko;
• Ayifuni ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lobugcisa okanye ekhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba iqumrhu lezimvo lijoliswe kuluntu ngokubanzi.

Umbhalo wobuntatheli

• Bano injongo yokwazisa (nangona zinokuba luluvo okanye izicatshulwa ezixutyiweyo);
• La ingxelo yezibakala es ngqongqo ngokunyanzelekileyo kwaye isondele kwinyani;
• Ngokubanzi ube nesihloko esinomtsalane kumfundi;
• Unokubonisa isishwankathelo esifutshane ukuze umfundi agqibe kwangaphambili ukuba ngaba banomdla kwinqaku okanye akunjalo. Phofu, Kufuneka ihambelane nesakhiwo esibalulekileyo sayo yonke isicatshulwa esibalisayo: Intshayelelo, iqhina kunye nesiphumo.
• Iindaba:
  • Igxininisa kwisiganeko sangoku evuselela umdla wabemi;
  • injongo yolwazi yomsitho ofanelekileyo;
  • Njengoko ibhekiswa kubo bonke abaphulaphuli, iqhelekile ibhalwe ngolwimi olulula.
• Ingxelo yephephandaba:
  • Umxholo kufuneka ibhalwe ngokungakhethi cala, jongana nesihloko sangoku kwaye uhloniphe imithombo yolwazi;
  • Ukuboniswa kweziganeko ezineenkcukacha nezichasiweyo.
  • umlinganiswa ophandayo.
  • Kangangoko kunokwenzeka, uphando lwenziwa phantsi kwendlela yenzululwazi;

ICrónica

• ukubalisa ngeziganeko nge eyona nyani inokuchaneka nangokulandelelana kweziganeko;
• Ababhali baxhomekeke kwizafobe;
• Ukucokiseka kuhlalutyo lweziganeko.

Intsomi

• Zimibhalo ekuphuhla kwayo ujikela kumlinganiswa ophambili kwaye phantse isoloko ikhuthazwa sisiganeko esithile sembali;
• Ibekwe ngexesha kunye nendawo ethile;
• Impikiswano ngokusekelwe kwiziganeko zendalo okanye zamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.