Bhayibhile Yeyona ncwadi ifundwa kakhulu embalini. Ngokutsho kombhali uJames Chapman, kuye kwathengiswa imibhalo engaphezu kwe-3,9 yeebhiliyoni zemibhalo engcwele yesithethe samaYuda namaKristu kule minyaka ingama-50 idluleyo kuphela. Ngokunjalo, inani leekopi ezithengisiweyo lihlala likwizigidi ezili-100 ngonyaka kwihlabathi liphela kwaye liqokelela iinguqulelo ezingama-2452 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Emva koko Bhayibhile, kunokwenzeka ukuqikelela ukuba zeziphi iincwadi ezifundwa kakhulu kwimbali ngokusebenzisa amanani okuthengisa. Kule meko, bendiya kuqhubeka Izicatshulwa ezivela kumsebenzi kaMao Tse-tung (1966) nguHou Bo kunye noMao Zedong kunye neekopi ze-820 yezigidi ezithengiswayo. Emva koko beza Umxholo wezixeko ezibini (1859) nguCharles Dickens kunye Inkosana encinci nguAntoine de Saint-Exupéry, zombini kunye neekopi ezizigidi ezingama-200.
Yintoni Bhayibhile kwaye bangaphi abantu abayifundileyo?
Bhayibhile Yingqokelela yezibhalo zonqulo ezisebenza njengesiseko esingcwele, kumaYuda (iTestamente eNdala) njengamaKristu (iTestamente eNdala neNtsha). Abaphengululi bezi zithethe bathi uMoses wayekuphela kombhali wazo. Noko ke, abafundi bezakwalizwi nababhali-mbali bayavumelana ngegalelo labanye abantu bembali.
Imvelaphi Bhayibhile
Kunikwe ubudala bemibhalo yokuqala ye Bhayibhile (phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX BC), akunakwenzeka ukubala ngokuthe ngqo ukuba bangaphi abantu abayifundileyo. Ngokucacileyo, le yeyona ncwadi ibalulekileyo nenempembelelo kwimbali yempucuko yaseNtshona. YiQur'an kuphela enokuthelekiseka ngokokubaluleka kwenkcubeko (ikakhulu ivalelwe kuMbindi nakwiMpuma Ekude).
Bhayibhile Ibunjwe ziincwadi ezahlukahlukeneyo—ezibizwa ngokuba “ziincwadi”—eziphuma kwiilwimi zomthonyama ezahlukahlukeneyo: isiHebhere, isiAramiki nesiGrike. Kwelakhe icala, IBhayibhile yesiHebhere inemibhalo engcwele engama-24 yobuYuda., eziye zacaciswa kwithuba lewaka leminyaka (900 BC - 100 AD). Phakathi kwazo, eyona indala yiNcwadi kaYobhi, eyabhalwa nguMoses ngokwesithethe.
i-etymology kunye nesakhiwo
Igama elithi "iBhayibhile" Isuka kwingxelo yamaGrike "IBhayibhile iyathetha”, eliguqulela ngokuthi “iincwadi ezingcwele”. Babaleka kwingqokelela ebanzi neyohlukeneyo yamabali aqanjwa njengemiqulu eyahlukeneyo. Ngokufanayo, bachaza imvelaphi yehlabathi kunye nomntu, owadalwa nguThixo ngomfanekiso wakhe kunye nokufana naye e-Edeni de kube sekupheleni koluntu kunye noMhla woMgwebo.
Owona mahluko ucacileyo phakathi kwezibhalo zamaYuda nezamaKristu ubonakaliswa kwiTestamente eNtsha.. Kokugqibela kuvela iimfundiso zikaYesu waseNazarete, ezivezwa njengonyana kaThixo nowokugqibela kubaprofeti. ITestamente eNdala, kwelinye icala, Itanach eyamaHebhere—iqulethe amabali abaprofeti bamandulo.
Ukutolika
Ubume bangoku be Bhayibhile UbuKristu basekwa phantsi kopopu kaSaint Damasus I, ngonyaka wama-382. Kamva, iBhunga laseTrent lakuvuma oku kufundwa ngowe-1546 kwaza kwathiwa igama elithi “canon” (imodeli). Oko kukuthi, ukususela ngelo xesha kwaqaliswa uthotho lweencwadi ezigqalwa njengezifanelekileyo nezinokuthenjwa, kodwa kwathiwa ulwahlulo lwagatywa ngabefundisi bamaYuda.
Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu, Isithandi sobulumko saseJamani nomfundisi wezakwalizwi uMartin Luther nanjalo yaluchasa ukhetho lwemibhalo engcwele, ngokuchaseneyo nemfundiso yobupopu waza wakhuthaza uHlaziyo lobuProtestanti. Ngoku, injongo yokuqala yalo mbutho yayikukuhlaziya ubuKatolika ukuze kuthandwe ubuKristu bamandulo. Kodwa, umphumo waba kukuqhekeka phakathi kweCawa yamaKatolika okwaqalisa inkqubo yangoku yonqulo lobuProtestanti.
Ezinye iincwadi ezifundwa ngokubanzi
Izicatshulwa ezivela kumsebenzi kaMao Tse-tung (1966)
Hou Bo kunye neMao Zedong's Manifesto ayidli ngokuvela kuludwe lweencwadi ezininzi ezifundwayo ngenxa yokuba ukufundwa kwayo kwakuyinxalenye yomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Ukongeza, yayingesosicwangciso sikarhulumente salo naliphi na ilizwe, ibiya kuba sisicwangciso esiqhutywa kwelona lizwe linabantu abaninzi emhlabeni: iChina. Namhlanje, le ncwadi ithathwa njengeyi-iconic phakathi kwezopolitiko zasekhohlo.
Umxholo
- Umbutho wamakomanisi;
- Iiklasi kunye nomzabalazo weklasi;
- Ubusoshiyali kunye nobukomanisi;
- Ukuphathwa ngokuchanekileyo kokuphikisana kwabantu;
- Imfazwe noxolo;
- Impiriyali kunye nazo zonke ii-reactionaries zizingwe zephepha;
- Ubuganga bokulwa kwaye boyise;
- Imfazwe yabantu;
- Umkhosi wabantu;
- Ubunkokeli beQela kunye neeKomiti;
- Umgca omkhulu;
- Umsebenzi wezopolitiko;
- Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagosa namadoda;
- Ubudlelwane phakathi koMkhosi kunye naBantu;
- Idemokhrasi kunye nemimandla ephambili yomthi;
- Ukufundiswa nokuqeqeshwa kwamajoni;
- Ekukhonzeni abantu;
- Ukuthand' izwe kunye nokuthanda amazwe ngamazwe;
- ubuqhawe benguqu;
- Sakha ilizwe lethu ngenkuthalo nangoqoqosho;
- Ukuzimela kunye nomzabalazo onzima;
- Iindlela zokucinga kunye neendlela zokusebenza;
- Uphando kunye nokufunda;
- Ukulungiswa kweengcamango eziphosakeleyo;
- Iyunithi;
- Umxholo;
- Ukugxeka kunye nokuzigxeka;
- AmaKomanisi;
- Imizobo;
- Ulutsha;
- Abasetyhini;
- Inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa;
- Izifundo.
Imbali yezixeko ezibini (1859)
Lo msebenzi wobugcisa we UCharles Dickens yinoveli yembali esetwe eLondon naseParis. Isenzo senzeka phakathi kobusuku kunye nokuphakama kweNguqulelo yesiFrentshi kunye nokuLawulwa koBugrogrisi. Umlinganiswa ophambili nguGqr. Manette—ongumFrentshi—osele evalelwe kwiBastille eParis kangangeminyaka eli-18.
Emva kwelo xesha, i-protagonist ifudukela eLondon ukuze ihlale noLucie, intombi yakhe (engazange idibane nayo). Ngeli xesha, ingozi isongela kulo lonke ibali ngendlela yokubulala okuzayo okanye ukuvalelwa.. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, inoveli isoloko idlulisela inqanaba leemvakalelo kumfundi; Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba, impembelelo yale ncwadi kwinkcubeko edumileyo ayinakuphikiswa.
INkosana encinci (1944)
Inkosana yePete -isihloko sokuqala ngesiFrentshi- ngowona msebenzi waziwa kakhulu womqhubi wenqwelomoya waseFransi kunye nombhali uAntoine de Saint Exupéry. Inyaniso, Le ntsomi yabantwana yabantu abadala yenza indoda yaseLyon ibe ngumbhali owaziwayo kulo lonke iplanethi kude kube namhlanje. Konke oku kubulela kumyalezo oyintloko wencwadi, "ezona zinto zibalaseleyo ebomini zezona zilula", zobungqina obungenakonakala.
Amanye amabinzana angafi kunye nokugxekwa kwezentlalo ye INkosana encinci
- Ukumkani ongenagunya, okhupha imiyalelo engenakuzalisekiswa, njengokutshona kwelanga ukuba litshone.
- "I-cocky guy efuna kuphela indumiso evela ekuzukisweni kunye nokuba ngoyena mntu uncomekayo kwiplanethi yakhe engenamntu."
- "Inxila elisela ukulibala ihlazo lokusela."
- "I-geographer esele ikhulile engazange ibe naphi na, okanye ibone nantoni na ayibhalayo, inika i-caricature yobungcali kwihlabathi langoku."