Bala uLucanor.
Bala uLucanor yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokubaliswa kuncwadi lwaphakathi, olwenziwe nguDon Juan Manuel phakathi kowe-1331 nowe-1335. Isicatshulwa esipheleleyo sineenxalenye ezintlanu, nangona esona sibhiyozwayo kwaye sisasazwa sesokugqibela (sinemizekelo engama-51). Umxholo woku ubonakalisa ngokuthembekileyo eyona njongo ibalulekileyo yokubhala ngeli xesha: imeko yokuziphatha.
nayo, Bala uLucanor Elinye lamaqhekeza amakhulu eSpanish — anerekhodi ebhaliweyo ethembekileyo— yexesha eliphawule "ukuqala kwesiphelo" sesiLwimi njengolwimi olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Ngokwababhali-mbali, umbhali waligqiba eli bali kwenye yeenqaba ezininzi eziphantsi kolawulo lwakhe: iCastillo de Molina Seca (Murcia).
Umbhali we Bala uLucanor
Usana uDon Juan Manuel wayengomnye wabalinganiswa abanamandla bobukumkani baseCastile ngexesha lokuqala lesiqingatha senkulungwane ye-XNUMX.. Ngapha koko, waqokelela inani elikhulu lezihlonipho ebomini bakhe. Ngenxa yoko, ibingumsebenzi "obalaseleyo" ngokwenyani (unikezwe isikhundla sombhali) ngexesha lawo.
Ayinakuba ngenye indlela ngenxa yookhokho babo, kulungile UKumkani u-Alfonso X, "indoda elumkileyo", wayengumalume wakhe. Kananjalo noFernando III, "ingcwele", uyisemkhulu, (bobabini bephuma kusapho lukayise). Umbhali wayeyinkedama eneminyaka esibhozo, ngenxa yesi sizathu uKing Sancho IV waseCastile waba ngumgcini wakhe osemthethweni.
Uluhlu lwezihloko ezihloniphekileyo
Ngaphandle kokuba lusana, uDon Juan Manuel waqulunqa izinto ezingenakubalwa zasebukhosini. Abanye babo bazuze ilifa ngombulelo kumnombo wakhe, abanye banikwa yena njengombulelo ngomsebenzi owenziweyo okanye njengenxalenye yothethathethwano lwezopolitiko. Uluhlu lwezihloko lukhokelwa nguPríncipe noDuque de Villena (umntu wokuqala ukufumana) kunye noSeñor de Escalona, Peñafiel kunye ne-Elche, phakathi kwezinye iidolophu.
Kwinqanaba lobomi bakhe, waba ngomnye wamadoda anamandla kulo lonke elaseIberia. Waba nomkhosi ukuya kuthi ga kwiwaka lamajoni! Owasabela ngokukodwa kumyalelo wakhe. Ude wabeka nemali yakhe ukuba isasazwe iminyaka embalwa (isiko eligcinelwe ookumkani; wayehlukile).
Indoda eyingozi
Inani likaDon Juan Manuel baba nempembelelo enkulu kangangokuba ookumkani uFerdinand IV noAlfonso XI baqwalasele iyalele ukuba abulawe (nganye ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo). Nangona kunjalo, bancama izicwangciso zabo ngokubona kwangaphambili ukungazinzi okubangelwa kukufa kwalomlingiswa.
Isidwangube esingafanelekanga?
Njengelungu lezidwangube, Uninzi alukhange luhle ngenxa yokuzinikezela kwakhe ekubhaleni. Kungenxa yokuba le ofisi ikulungele "ukungafaneleki" kwizidwangube, endaweni yoko igcinelwe abantu abavela kumtya ongezantsi. Ngayiphi na imeko, uDon Juan Manuel wazityeshela ezo zimvo zidelelayo.
Nokuba usana luye lwaqonda ukuba isenzo sokubhala simzisela ulonwabo kunye novuyo. Ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba-akuba ethathe umhlala-phantsi kwezopolitiko nakwimidlalo yamandla- iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela yanikezelwa ngokukodwa ekuhlakuleleni ubugcisa bakhe. Inyaniso iyaxelelwa, amazwi omculo ayengoyena ndoqo webhongo kuye.
Umbhali wendlela yesiGrike
UDon Juan Manuel.
Zonke ezi zinto zingasentla zaziqhelekile. Ngapha koko, "ukuqonda kombhali" ngokuqinisekileyo kwakungekho kwi ixesha eliphakathi. Buya ngoko abo babhalayo babenomda wokuba ngabakhupheli nje abanamaphepha-mvume okuba "bahlobise" amabali athathwe kwisithethe somlomo.
kunjalo, UDon Juan Manuel uqinisekise ukuba uyayigcina imibhalo yakhe ezandleni zaba "bathumeli". Uninzi lwemisebenzi yakhe (phakathi kwabo, Bala uLucanoryahlala ifihliwe kangangeenkulungwane kumzi woonongendi weSan Pablo de Peñafiel.
Bala uLucanor, Umsebenzi onesitayile sawo
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Bala uLucanor
UDon Juan Manuel wayesaziwa njenge "gorha elihloniphekileyo", kuba kwizihlandlo ezininzi wakhokela umkhosi wakhe edabini, ehlala ephumelela. Ngokulandelanayo, amava omkhosi amnceda ukuba aqinise isitayile soncwadi esikhethekileyo.
Ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa kokuziphatha njenge-axis yayo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, eyona njongo iphambili Bala uLucanor yahluke kancinci. Ngokwenyani, injongo yayo yayikukujongana nelona qela liphezulu loluntu ... kubantu abahloniphekileyo nabakhanyiselweyo.
Ukusuka kwi-abstract ukuya kwikhonkrithi
Olu khangelo luye lwamvumela ukuba aphuhlise ibali elinakho ukuhambisa ngezinto ezingabonakaliyo ukugxila kwiinyani eziphathekayo. Ngokulinganayo, Eyona njongo yabo iphambili yayikukugqithisa elona nani likhulu leekhonsepthi, kusetyenziswa inani elincinci lamagama. Ngesi sizathu, abanye ababhali-mbali bamchaza njenge "conceptist" kude ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe.
Bala uLucanor, umzekelo ocacileyo woLwazi loBulumko
Ngokuqinisekileyo, inqaku elithi "ukuxhaphaza" ngokupheleleyo nangombhali ngolwazi lwezibakala, ngumxholo woLwazi loLwazi. Kwimeko, Yenza uthotho lweencwadi ezimfutshane ezinezivakalisi ezinamandla, zihlala zineempawu zokuziphatha. Ukongeza, imvelaphi yeempikiswano zabo ibuyela kwizilumko zeGrisi yamandulo.
Bala uLucanor Ikhomba kwicala elinye, nangona i-genesis yamabali inemvelaphi eyahlukileyo. Ngale ndlela, UDon Juan Manuel wathatha amava akhe kwinqanaba lezopolitiko nakwiindawo zokulwa. Ngokufanayo, yayisekwe kwiincoko ezahlukeneyo. Ukusuka kuye namanye amalungu aphezulu kunye nokudibana nookumkani, kwii-anecdotes zabakhonzi bakhe.
Macho umoya
Umoya oxhaphakileyo weli xesha ubonakaliswa ngokucacileyo kwimilinganiselo nganye ekhoyo kwimizekelo emincinci. Ezi izivakalisi ezinje "kwizinto ezithile onokuzithemba ngazo, ngaphezulu kweengcinga omele ukuzisusa kude". "Uya kuthanda ubuncwane bokwenene ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, uya kuyidela, ekugqibeleni, into elungileyo". "Lowo utshaba lwakho lwalungekho kuyo kwaye awufanele ukholelwe.
Xa uphonononga "ngamehlo millennials"Wonke umsebenzi, isichazi" macho "siyatsiba. Enye yezi ntsomi ishwankathelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Ekuqaleni, indoda kufuneka ifundise inkosikazi yayo indlela yokuziphatha." Kwimeko nayiphi na imeko (ukulunga kumbhali) kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya ukucinga kombhali ngaphakathi komxholo, ewe, ngaphandle kokufihla iinyani ezithile.
Umntu "wemovie"
Caphulelwa nguDon Juan Manuel.
AmaXesha Aphakathi lelinye lawona maxesha aphikisayo kwimbali yoluntu. Ngokukodwa, imidlalo yezopolitiko eyayiqhubeka kwimimandla ngoku ekuhlalwa kuyo yiSpain nePortugal yayiyinyani kaMachiavellian. Ngesi sizathu, UDon Juan Manuel ngumlinganiswa ofanele intsomi ekuphakameni kwelifa lakhe.
Kungayintoni intsingiselo yokuba "ikratshi elibekekileyo" ukuba lizivalele kwinqaba kwaye lizigxothe kwihlabathi ukuba lizinikele ekubhaleni? Kunjalo, Umsebenzi wakhe uxabiseke kakhulu namhlanje, umxholo wohlalutyo oluninzi kunye nezifundo. Ngaba abantu bexesha lakhe (iiKumkani, ii-Counts kunye neeNkosi) bazifumene njani "iintshumayelo" zika Bala uLucanor?… Kuphela yayiziimfundiso zakhe ezazisingise kubo.