Umthi wesayensi.
Dibanisa inoveli efana Umthi wesayensi I-Pío Baroja ayisiyonto ilula. Ngapha koko, inqaku lomhleli (nge-11 kaJuni 2019) yewebhusayithi espaciolibros.com ichaza njenge "uncwadi olungcwele" ukwenza isishwankathelo esipheleleyo. Ngokuhambelana noku, uJosé Carlos Saranda uyangqina: “isishwankathelo asinakuze sithathe indawo yokufunda ngokuzolileyo komsebenzi kwaye kungaphantsi Umthi wesayensi".
Kwiwebhusayithi yakhe (2015), uSaranda uqinisekisa ubunyani bezinto ezithunyelwe ngumbhali- ngaphandle kwexesha elidlulileyo- kwimeko yoluntu yanamhlanje. Incwadi ityhila iziqendu zobomi bukaPío Baroja, omnye weempawu zesizukulwana se -98. Iingoma zakhe zibonisa imeko ezinzima eSpain ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Ubume bendalo yombhali, uPío Baroja
UPío Baroja y Nessi wazalelwa eSan Sebastián (eSpain), ngoDisemba 28, 1872. Utata wakhe yayinguSerafín Baroja, injineli yezemigodi; Umama wakhe, u-Andrea Nessi (osuka e-Italiya evela kwingingqi yaseLombardia). UPío wayengowesithathu kubantakwabo abathathu: UDarío (1869 - 1894), uRicardo (1870 - 1953); kunye nodade, uCarmen (1884 - 1949). Nangona waphumelela ukuba ngugqirha kwezamayeza kwiCentral University, wawushiya lo mkhuba wonakalisa ukubhala.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwala mava njengo gqirha (kunye nezinye zeendawo ahlala kuzo), uBaroja uchazwe apha Umthi wesayensi. Ngenxa ye-conservatism, uthathwa njengenye yeebhanile zento ebizwa ngokuba sisizukulwana se-98. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe wavelisa trilogies ezilandisayo ezilithoba, ii-tetralogies ezimbini, imidlalo esixhenxe, kunye nemisebenzi emininzi yobuntatheli kunye nezincoko. Usweleke eMadrid ngo-Okthobha u-30, 1956.
Iimpawu ezahlukileyo zokuDalwa kwe -98 (noventayochismo)
Njengommeli ongumfuziselo weSizukulwana '98, IPio Baroja ubonakalisa imisebenzi yakhe phantse zonke iimpawu zesi senzo yokuluka. Mhlawumbi, Umthi wesayensi Inoveli ye-noventayochismo enezinto ezininzi ezinxulunyaniswa neenkcazo kunye neemfuno zentlalo zelo xesha.
Phakathi kwabo, umbono ongenathemba wobomi, inkcazo yeentsapho ezingasebenziyo okanye ukwanda kokuziphatha kakubi kwabanye abalinganiswa. Kwangokunjalo, imisebenzi yesiGaba sama-98 yadibana kwi:
- Ukuphonononga iingxaki ezikhoyo.
- Ukukruquka kunye nokudikwa.
- Ukwanda kwexhala lemihla ngemihla.
- I-Nostalgia yexesha elidlulileyo.
- Ingxaki yekamva elingaqinisekanga.
- Indlela ejongene nemicimbi yendalo yonke enje ngesidima somntu kunye namalungelo abantu.
Isishwankathelo se Umthi wesayensi
Yapapashwa ngo-1911 njengenxalenye trilogy Ugqatso. Incwadana ihlelwe ngamacandelo amabini amakhulu (I-III kunye ne-V-VII), ezenzeka kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseSpain phakathi kowe-1887 nowe-1898. Ezi ndawo zahlulwe kukungenelela ngendlela yentetho ende yefilosofi phakathi komntu ophambili, uAndrés Hurtado, kunye noGqirha Iturrioz (umalume wakhe).
Le ncoko inika isihloko sencwadi ngenxa yenkcazo malunga nokudalwa kwemithi emibini ebaluleke kakhulu e-Eden. Bangumthi wobomi kunye nomthi wolwazi, owokugqibela owalelweyo kuAdam ngegunya lobuthixo. Ngaphantsi kwale ngxoxo, I-Baroja iphuhlisa imixholo enxulunyaniswe nemvakalelo yokubandezeleka, usizi, isithukuthezi, ifilosofi kunye nengxaki yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.
yokuqalisa
Incwadana iqala ngeenkcukacha ezininzi zobomi bukaBaroja. Ke ngoko, umsebenzi wezonyango kaAndrés Hurtado uphantse wabalobi.. Ukususela kwisenzo sesibini senxalenye yokuqala (abafundi), umbhali uchaza i-X-ray engenabuntu kuluntu lwaseMadrid. Kwangokunjalo, umfanekiso wosapho lwe-protagonist ucacisa imvelaphi yengqondo yakhe yokudangala nengazithembi.
Njengoko ibali liqhubeka, ukubekwa ecaleni komntu ophambili ophazamisekileyo phakathi koluntu olungenangqondo nolungenanto yakwenza kakhulu. Ngo-Hurtado, u-Baroja uveza ukungakhathali kwakhe ngokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo kwikomkhulu laseSpain ngala maxesha. Umbhali ukwacacisa uxinzelelo olungeyomfuneko olwenziwe ngumfundi oselula olubangelwa lulindelo lwabanye (ngakumbi olo lukayise).
Uloyiko olukhulayo
Izimvo zikaAndrés zemithambo-luvo ziba rhoqo. Uloyiko - luyathetheleleka okanye hayi - ngumyalelo wosuku, kwaye, kuyabonakala ukuba, udidi olusebenzayo lwamayeza luyenza mandundu nengqondo yakhe. Ngomxholo ngamnye omtsha, i-Hurtado iqinisekisa ubungqina bakhe obukhulu kwiitekisi zefilosofi kunokuba zifunde iincwadi eziqhelekileyo zonyango. Ke ngoko, uyawubona umsebenzi wakhe njengomsebenzi onyanzelekileyo ekufuneka uphele ngokukhawuleza.
Ngaphandle kwemathematika (isetyenziswe kwizifundo ezinjengebhayoloji, umzekelo), umlinganiswa ophambili akafumani nto inomdla wokufunda. NguMalume u-Iturrioz kuphela obonakala ngathi ukhanyisile kubomi obungenacala boluhlobo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Hurtado yakha ubuhlobo obuqinileyo noMontaner, owayekade efunda naye.
Uvelwano, ukubonakalisa uhanahaniso
Ukugula ngokwasemzimbeni kunye / okanye ngokweemvakalelo kwabantu abohlukeneyo kwimeko yeHurtado kuvelisa kuye ukungazinzi okungapheliyo. Phakathi kwabo, uLuisito, isigulana esiva ngathi "sithandana kakhulu" nothando, kunye noLamela "osemva". Iimeko zabo bobabini abalinganiswa ziphakamisa amathandabuzo malunga nokuba uluncedo olululo lwamayeza. Kukunxibelelana noMargarita kuphela (umntu asebenza naye) owazisa ithemba kuAndrés.
Ukongeza, ukuhamba komlinganiswa ophambili kwiSibhedlele iSan Juan de Dios kwakungakhuthazi ncam, ngokuchaseneyo ... Ngaphandle kwayo yonke into, i-Hurtado ivunyiwe ukuba isebenze njengomfundi kunye neqabane lakhe uJulio Aracil. Kodwa amava abangela ukungqubana okungagungqiyo nabasemagunyeni esibhedlele ngenxa yokuziphatha kwabo kakubi nobuxoki.
Abafazi bexesha
I-Baroja iqala icandelo lesibini ngokubalisa ngenguqu kaJulio ku-Andrés, ukuya kumona owonakalisayo. Nangona kunjalo, enkosi kuAracil, intlanganiso phakathi kweHurado kunye noLulú iyenzeka. Le yintombazana engaqhelekanga, eneendlela zokuziphatha eziphambeneyo kunye neenjongo eziqhelekileyo ezinomdla kuAndrés.
Okwangoku, Umbhali usebenzisa ezi ndawo ukubonisa intiyo yakhe kulaa madoda abaphatha abantu basetyhini njengezinto, ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ngendlela efanayo, kwimbali "yeMbali yeVenance" uBaroja uchaza konke ukungalingani kwezentlalo kunye nokungabi nabulungisa kwexesha. Ezamkelweyo ngokurhoxa-endaweni yokuvumelana-ngabemi baseMadrid, ngakumbi ngabantu abadala.
UPío Baroja.
Amaphandle
Njengoko u-Andrés eziva engaqondwa ngakumbi ngoogxa bakhe (engathandi kwimicimbi yefilosofi), uya esondela kumalume wakhe u-Iturrioz. Kunye naye, ixesha elide ubukho kunye neengxoxo zefilosofi. Embindini weengxoxo, u-Baroja uthatha ithuba lokuqonda malunga neengcinga-zakhe ezithandekayo- uKant noSchopenhauer.
Emva kokuthweswa isidanga, umlinganiswa ophambili uye kwilizwe laseGuadalajara ukuya kusebenza njengogqirha wasemaphandleni. Apho, uye azike ethandabuza umsebenzi wakhe kwaye uhlala enengxoxo nomnye ugqirha kunye nezigulana. Esona sizathu sokuxabana kuphantse kube yinto yakudala (kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi iyingozi) amasiko abalimi.
Buyela eMadrid
Emva kokusweleka komntakwabo (esinye isiganeko ngobomi bomlobi), uAndrés ugqiba kwelokuba abuyele eMadrid. Kodwa kwikomkhulu kunzima ukuba afumane umsebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, uzama ngelize ukufumana injongo yomsebenzi wakhe ngokunakekela oonongogo kunye nabantu abahlwempuzeke kakhulu, nto leyo eyonakalisa ukholo lwakhe ebantwini. Indawo yakhe yokuphela kwentuthuzelo ziincoko zakhe kwivenkile noLulu.
Ulonwabo lwexeshana
Ngombulelo kulamlo kamalume wakhe, u-Andrés uqala ukusebenza njengomguquleli kunye nomvavanyi kuphando lwezonyango. Nangona lo msebenzi ungamonelisi kangako njengomsebenzi wobukrelekrele, uyakwazi ukuwonwabela kakhulu. Liyaqala njalo ixesha lokuzola elihlala ixesha elingaphezulu konyaka. Ngapha koko, uHurtado ekugqibeleni uthandana noLulu (wayenomdla kuye kususela ngosuku lokuqala).
Ibinzana lePío de Baroja.
Emva kokuxoxa ngalo mbandela nomalume wakhe, uHurtado ugqiba kwelokuba abuze isandla sothandekayo wakhe. Nangona kunjalo, amathandabuzo awaze ashiye umlinganiswa ophambili kuba emathidala ukuba nabantwana. Ngapha koko, uLulu uyamqinisekisa kwaye ukhulelwe. Ingcamango yenzala ibuyisela uAndrés kuxinzelelo olumnyama.
Isiphelo esingenakuphepheka
Umfanekiso uphela ubamnyama xa usana lusweleka ngaphambi nje kokuzalwa kwaye, emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, uLulu uyafa. Ngenxa yoko, isisombululo esasekwa kwimigca yokuqala yenoveli kaBaroja siyazaliseka: ukuzibulala kukaAndrés Hurtado ... Kuthathwe ngemini enye nomngcwabo kaLulú ngokuthatha iipilisi ezininzi ezaphelisa ukubandezeleka okungaka.
Uyayifuna? Ungayifumana ngokunqakraza apha.