UJorge Manrique

UJorge Manrique wayeyimbongi eyaziwayo yaseSpain ye-pre-Renaissance. Nangona umhla wokufika kwakhe awucacanga, kukho imvumelwano embeka eParedes de Nava (okwangoku, uCastilla y León) ngonyaka we-1440. usapho olunamandla kunye nefuthe lobungangamsha bamaCastilian.

Oku kuchazwe ngasentla kuyomelezwa yinto yokuba umalume wakhe wayeyimbongi eyaziwayo uGómez Manrique kwaye utata wakhe yayinguRodrigo Manrique, u-Count of Paredes de Nava. KUNYEn ebutsheni bakhe wafunda ezoluntu nakwindawo yasemkhosini. Wada ngempumelelo inxaxheba ekulweni ezahlukeneyo emkhosini. Ngokuchanekileyo, kwenye yezi ngxabano, wenza ukuba ibinzana elithi "ungaxoki okanye uzisole".

Ukufa kwangoko

Ngaphandle kokubhubha ngaphambi kwexesha, wayenethuba lokutshata noNkosikazi Guiomar de Castañeda kunye notata wabantwana ababini: uLuir noLuisa. Ukufa kwenzeka ngo-1479, xa wayeneminyaka engama-39 kuphela ubudala, Ngexesha lomlo wokulandelelana uxhasa u-Isabel ngokuchasene noJuana la Beltraneja. Namhlanje ungcwatyelwe kwindlu yeemonki yaseUclés.

Umsebenzi wokubhala kaJorge Manrique

Inani elikhulu lemibhalo yombongi weParedeño likwazile ukugqitha ixesha kwaye, ngayo, loyisa indawo yokungafi. Simibongo zakhe zilandela umgca isigqebelo kunye burlesque, ngaphandle kokulibala uthando. Umsebenzi wakhe odumileyo yi-Elegy ICoplas ekufeni kukayise, ithathwa njengodidi lokwenyani loncwadi lwaseSpain.

Umxholo

Ngaphandle kokusweleka kwakhe ekukhuleni okupheleleyo kwebhayiloji, ukuzinikela kwakhe ekubhaleni kwakuchukumisa. Nangona wayenexesha elincinci, uManrique wayenethuba lokubhala imisebenzi emininzi. Ezithe zaqokelelwa ngabahlohli baba ngamaqela amathathu: uthando, burlesque kunye nemfundiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo zonke ziphakathi kweemfundiso zokubhala iingoma zexesha.

Iimbongi zombhali waseCastilian zineziqwenga ezingama-50. Kuzo uthetha nge-eroticism ngokusebenzisa izifaniso ezihle, (ngexesha layo oku bekumele iscandal). Nangona kunjalo, akazange asilele ekuthobeleni imigaqo yolwimi yemibongo yeProvençal. Oko kukuthi, ingoma ekwivesi e-octosyllable, ukuphindwaphindwa kwamagama kunye nezinto zemfazwe kuthando ngomzekeliso.

Imibongo yothando

Ekubunjweni kwayo umbhali usebenzisa icyudadour lyric. Ukwengeza, kwimibongo yakhe emininzi ubhekisa kubomi bakhe bemvakalelo bodwa. Ke ngoko, yinto ethile eyonyusa ixabiso labo njengamaqhekeza embali (kwaye, ke, igxininisa ukubaluleka kwabo kuncwadi).

Imibongo emincinci

Phakathi kwemibongo emincinci kaJorge Manrique, enye yezona zaziwa kakhulu yile Ngomsebenzi awenzayo ngokulandelelana kothando (yeevesi nje ezili-9). Apha kubonisa ukuzinikela kwintanda ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yonqulo ethathela ingqalelo izifungo zentlupheko nokuthobela.

Omnye wemibongo yakhe engumfuziselo ngu Isikali sothando, kuyo ikhusela ubudlelwane bothando buqu njengenye into exabisekileyo. Ngokufanayo, en Inqaba yothando Vavanya uthando lwenkundla, apho inenekazi likhanya ngezipho zalo, Ngelixa isithandwa sakhe senza umsebenzi wokuncoma ezo zinto zintle.

Ukuqanjwa kweBurlesque

Ngaphakathi kwesi sitayile, uJorge Manrique wakhula ngokungathandekiyo nangokungqalileyo. Kwakhona, uqhume a imo emnyama ayingabo bonke abafundi bakhe abathandayo. Lo mgca unamalungu amathathu kuphela. En Kumzala wakhe owayemthintela kwimicimbi yakhe yothando, isebenzisa intsingiselo ephindwe kabini ukwenza isifaniso phakathi kothando olungafunekiyo kunye nomtya odibeneyo wegama elifanayo (prima).

Ngethuba I-Coplas kwityala elalikhe lahlawula ibhali kwindawo yokucoca, UManrique ugxeka kabukhali inenekazi (ebethetha kakubi ngaye). Umlingiswa ekuthethwa ngaye wayefuna ukuqhubeka nokusela kwaye wanika ingubo yakhe njengentlawulo. Owesithathu, Unyango awalwenzela umama wakhe wesibini, iqulethe iivesi ezili-120, ke ngoko, yeyona ncwadi inde yokubhalwa kwale trident.

ICoplas ekufeni kukayise

Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: ICoplas ekufeni kukayise

Umvelaphi

Wababhala kumsitho wokubhubha kwenkosi uRodrigo Manrique, utata wakhe, (ixhoba lomhlaza). Imbongi igcine ubudlelwane obusondelelene kakhulu naye, ngenxa yoko, ukufa kwakhe kwabangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ngokweemvakalelo. Yonke intlungu yakhe yintsomi kwiivesi ezixuba isiko kunye nokuqala. Wabhala "kushushu", ngoko nangoko emva kokufa.

Kwezi ndinyana uzinikezele ekucaciseni ezona nkcukacha zibalulekileyo zovuko. Ngokulinganayo, Ubonisa utata wakhe kubo bonke ubuqhawe bakhe, njengeparagon yesidima kwaye ezele isibindi. Apho, umxholo wokufa usondela usuka kuluntu ngokubanzi uye kuye owona mntu. Ukupapashwa kwayo kwenzeka kwiminyaka emva kokubhubha kukaJorge Manrique kwaye yaba yiklasi yoncwadi lwaseSpain.

Ulwakhiwo

Yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu:

• Eyokuqala Inezitanza ezilishumi elinesine ezibhalwe njengentshayelelo yokuziphatha. Ingundoqo yayo ifilosofi ngakumbi kwiithoni; iphakamisa ixabiso elincinci lobomi basemhlabeni namandla angunaphakade okufa.
• Kwicandelo lesibini kukho izigaba ezilishumi elinesihlanu ezinikezelwe kukunyamalala komzimba kutsha nje kwabantu ababalulekileyo.
• Ibhloko lesithathu linikezelwe ekudumiseni bobabini ubomi bukayise - Ngubani ochazwa njengegorha lomkristu kunye negorha Abalinganiswa baseRoma abadumileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, uManrique uqalisa incoko ngokufa. Emngxunyeni, imbongi iyakwazi ukumela ubukho bomntu obufayo ngeyona ndlela idlulayo nakubomi obungunaphakade ngomqondiso ogqithileyo.

Iqhekeza le ICoplas ekufeni kukayise

III

«Ubomi bethu yimilambo
eziza kubetha elwandle,
kufa ntoni;
apho kuya khona imilinganiselo
amalungelo okuphela
uyadla;
Apho imilambo iyaqukuqela,
kukho amanye amaqhekeza
ngakumbi abafana,
izalamane, ziyafana
abo bahlala ngezandla zakhe
nezityebi.

V

«Eli lizwe liyindlela
komnye, yintoni emfusa
ngaphandle kokuzisola;
kungcono ukuba nengqondo elungileyo
ukuhamba ngalo mhla
ngaphandle kokwenza impazamo.
Sishiya xa sizalwa,
sihamba ngelixa siphila,
safika ke
ngelo xesha sisifa;
ngoko xa sisifa,
saphumla ".

Unxantathu weManriqueño

Eli linyathelo elasungulwa ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 ngenxa yabemi bephondo laseCuenca, eCastilla-La Mancha. Irhafu kubomi kunye nomsebenzi kaJorge Manrique ngendlela yabakhenkethi yenzelwe ukubhiyozela ilifa lakhe kunye nokuqaqambisa ixesha lakhe kwezi ndawo.

Ngokukodwa, Ukhenketho luneendawo ezintathu zokumisa: Inqaba yaseGarcimuñoz, idolophu yaseSanta María del Campo-Rus kunye nomasipala waseUclés. Inqaba ekhankanyiweyo wabulawa wenzakala, kwindawo yesibini wasweleka kwaye kwindawo yokugqibela wamkela ingcwaba elingcwele.

Ukumakishwa kwendlela "yokuvuselelwa kwemibongo"

UJorge Manrique uthathelwa ingqalelo ngababhali-mbali njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kuncwadi lwaseSpain. I-WHO, ngenxa yemeko yaso, ibonisa ibhalansi yoRenaissance ngenxa yokubhala kwayo ngokungagungqiyo, ngesitayile esithobekileyo, esithobekileyo nesendalo. Apho i-vulgarisms iza kuphela ukuqaqambisa ubulula kunye nezixhobo zokuthetha eziqhelekile kwiimbongi zenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.